Sloshing, Steklov and corners: asymptotics of sloshing eigenvalues (Q2164772)

The papers deals with several Steklov problems, and the main results are the spectral asymptotics for their eigenvalues. The first problem reads as \[ \begin{cases} \Delta u=0 &\quad \text{in }\Omega, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=0 &\quad \text{on } \mathcal{W},\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=\lambda u &\quad \text{on }S, \end{cases}\tag{1} \] where \(\dfrac{\partial}{\partial n}\) denotes the external normal derivative on \(\partial\Omega\), and \(\Omega\) is a simply connected bounded planar domain with Lipschitz boundary such that \(\partial \Omega=S\cup \mathcal{W}\), where \(S:=(A,B)\) is a line segment. By \(L\) we denote the length of \(S\). Let \(0<\alpha,\beta\le\pi\) be the angles at the vertices \(A\) and \(B\), respectively; at these vertices the boundary of \(\Omega\) can have corners. The walls \(\mathcal{W}\) are \textit{straight near the corners} if there exist points \(A_1, B_1\in\mathcal{W}\) such that the line segments \(AA_1\) and \(BB_1\) are subsets of \(\mathcal{W}.\) Let \(\lambda_k\) be the eigenvalues of the considered problem taken in the ascending order counting their multiplicities. The first result is the following theorem. Theorem 1. Let \(\Omega\) be a simply connected bounded Lipschitz planar domain with the sloshing surface \(S=(A,B)\) of length \(L\) and walls \(\mathcal{W}\) which are \(C^1\)-regular near the corner points \(A\) and \(B\). Let \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) be the interior angles between \(\mathcal{W}\) and \(S\) at the points \(A\) and \(B\), resp., and assume \(0<\beta \le \alpha < \pi/2 \). Then the following asymptotic expansion holds as \(k\to \infty\): \[ \lambda_k L=\pi\left(k-\frac 12\right)-\frac{\pi^2}{8}\left(\frac 1{\alpha}+\frac 1{\beta}\right)+r(k), \quad \text{where } r(k)=o(1). \] If, moreover, the walls \(\mathcal{W}\) are straight near the corners, then \[ r(k)=O\left(k^{1-\frac{\pi}{2\alpha}}\right). \] The second problem reads as \[ \begin{cases} \Delta u=0 & \quad\text{in }\Omega, \\ u=0 &\quad \text{on }\mathcal{W},\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}=\lambda^D u &\quad \text{on }S, \end{cases} \] and its eigenvalues are denoted by \(\lambda_k^D\). Here the main result is as follows. Theorem 2. Assume that the domain \(\Omega\) and its boundary \(\partial \Omega=S \cup\mathcal{W}\) satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 1. Let \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) be the interior angles between \(\mathcal{W}\) and \(S\) at the points \(A\) and \(B\), resp., and assume \(0<\beta \le \alpha < \pi/2 \). Then the following asymptotic expansion holds as \(k\to \infty\): \[ \lambda_k^D L=\pi\left(k-\frac 12\right)+\frac{\pi^2}{8}\left(\frac 1{\alpha}+\frac 1{\beta}\right)+r^D(k), \quad \text{where} \quad r^D(k)=o(1). \] If, moreover, the walls \(\mathcal{W}\) are straight near the corner points \(A\) and \(B\), then \[ r^D(k)= O\left(k^{1-\frac{\pi}{\alpha}}\right). \] The third problem is a higher order Sturm-Liouville problem. For a given \(q\in \mathbb{N}\), consider an eigenvalue problem on an interval \((A,B) \subset \mathbb{R}\) of length \(L\): \[ (-1)^q U^{(2q)}(x) = \Lambda^{2q} U(x), \] with either Dirichlet \[ U^{(m)}(A)=U^{(m)}(B)=0,\,\, m=0,1,\dots, q-1, \] or Neumann \[ U^{(m)}(A)=U^{(m)}(B)=0, \,\, m=q,q+1,\dots,2q-1, \] boundary conditions. The eigenvalues are denoted by \(\Lambda_k\). The main result is the following theorem. Theorem 3. For any \(q\in \mathbb{N}\), the following asymptotic formula holds for the eigenvalues \(\Lambda_k\): \[ \Lambda_k L= \pi \left(k-\frac{1}{2}\right) -\frac{\pi q}{2} + O\left(er^{-k/C}\right) \] where \(C>0\) is some positive constant. Moreover, let \(\lambda_k\), \(k=1,2,\dots\), be the eigenvalues of a sloshing problem 1 with straight walls near the corners making equal angles \(\pi/2q\) at both corner points with the sloshing surface \(S\) of length \(L\). Then \[ \lambda_k = \Lambda_k + O\left(er^{-k/C}\right), \] and the eigenfunctions \(u_k\) of the sloshing problem decrease exponentially away from the sloshing boundary \(S\).