Exponential integral representations of theta functions (Q2228038)

The authors study representations of the Jacobi theta functions and their logarithms. Let \(F_{a,b;c}(z):=F(a,b;c;z)\) be the Gauss hypergeometric functions given by \[F_{a,b;c}(z)=\frac{\Gamma(c)}{\Gamma(a)\Gamma(b)}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma(a+n)\Gamma(b+n)}{n!\Gamma(c+n)}z^n\] in the unit disk \(\mathbb D=\{z\in\mathbb C:|z|<1\}\). It extends holomorphically to \(\mathbb C\setminus[1,+\infty)\). The function \(\Psi(z)=zF_{a,b;c}(z)\) is universally star-like provided \(0<b\leq c\) and \(0<a\leq\min\{1,c\}\), which means that \(\Psi\) is holomorphic in \(\mathbb C\setminus[1,+\infty)\), \(\Psi(0)=0\), \(\Psi'(0)=1\) and \(\Psi\) maps every domain \(D\subset\mathbb C\setminus[1,+\infty)\), which is either a disk or a half-plane, one-to-one onto a domain that is star-like with respect to the origin. Denote by \(\mathcal M^+(\mathbb R)\) the cone of all non-negative locally finite Borel measures on \(\mathbb R\). There exists a unique measure \(\sigma_{a,b;c}\in\mathcal M^+(\mathbb R)\) with \(\text{supp}\,\sigma_{a,b;c}\subset[0,1]\), \(0<\sigma_{a,b;c}(\mathbb R)\leq1\), \(\sigma_{a,b;c}(\{0\})=0\), such that \[F_{a,b;c}(z)=\exp\left(\int_{[0,1]}\text{Log}\frac{1}{1-tz}d\sigma_{a,b;c}(t)\right),\;\;\;z\in\mathbb C\setminus[1,+\infty).\] One of the main results is the following theorem. Theorem 1.1: The measure \(\sigma_{1/2,1/2;1}\) in the representation of \(F_{1/2,1/2;1}\) under the above conditions has the explicit expression \[\sigma_{1/2,1/2;1}([0,x])=\frac{1}{\pi}\arctan\frac{F_{1/2,1/2;1}(x)}{F_{1/2,1/2;1}(1-x)},\;\;\;0<x<1.\] In particular, \(\sigma_{1/2,1/2;1}\) is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure and has total variation 1/2. Theorem 1.1 implies that the function \(zF_{1/2,1/2;1}^{\alpha}\) is universally star-like, provided that \(0<\alpha\leq2\), and allows the authors to obtain an exponential integral representation for \(\lambda_{\triangle}/i=F_{\triangle}(1-z)/F_{\triangle}(z)\), \(z\in(0,1)\cup(\mathbb C\setminus\mathbb R)\), where \(F_{\triangle}=F_{1/2,1/2;1}\). For the Schwarz triangle function \(\lambda_{\triangle}\), the authors obtain the relationship between the values of \(\lambda_{\triangle}\) on two sides of the cut along \((-\infty,0)\) and describe the set \(\lambda_{\triangle}((0,1)\cup(\mathbb C\setminus\mathbb R))=\mathcal F_{\square}\) which is the fundamental quadrilateral. In the Poincaré half-plane model of the hyperbolic plane, \(\mathcal F_{\square}\) is an ideal hyperbolic quadrilateral, and it is the set of all interior points of the fundamental domain for the subgroup \(\Gamma(2)\) of the modular group \(\Gamma\) on the upper half-plane \(\mathbb H=\{z\in\mathbb C:\text{Im}\,z>0\}\). Theorem 1.1 with the Wirtinger identity are applied to obtain integral representations for the logarithms of the theta functions.