Tame (PLS)-spaces (Q1032769)

The paper under review investigates (PLS)-spaces, that is, countable projective limits of duals of Fréchet spaces. In other words, \[ X=\text{proj}_{N\in \mathbb{N}} \text{ind} _{n \in \mathbb{ N}} X_{N,n}, \] where all \( X_{N,n}\) are Banach spaces and the linking maps \(\imath _{N,n}: X_{N,n} \to X_{N,n+1}\) are compact. Many spaces arising in analysis are (PLS)-spaces, as for instance the space \({\mathcal A}(\Omega)\) of real analytic functions or the space \({\mathcal D}'(\Omega)\) of distributions on a open subset of \(\mathbb{ R}^d,\) all Fréchet-Schwartz spaces or the kernel of a surjective convolution operator on a non-quasi-analytic class of Roumieu type. The main result of the paper under review characterizes those (PLS)-spaces \(X\) with the property that the ultrabornological space \(X^{ub}\) associated to \(X\) can be represented as the inductive limit of a sequence of Fréchet-Schwartz spaces. The characterization is given in terms of a new linear topological invariant in the category of (PLS)-spaces which is introduced in this paper: \(X\) is called a tame (PLS)-space if there exists \(\psi: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}\) with the property that \[ \forall x \in X \;\exists N_0 \in \mathbb{N} \;\forall N \geq N_0: \phi_x(N) \leq \psi(N), \] where \(\phi_x(N):=\text{min} \{n: \imath _Nx \in X_{N,n} \}.\) Each Fréchet-Schwartz space is a tame (PLS)-space (although it need not be tame in the category of Fréchet spaces), whereas \({\mathcal A}(\Omega)\) or \({\mathcal D}'(\Omega)\) are not tame (PLS)-spaces. The last section is devoted to power series (PLS)-spaces. Using the characterization of tame (PLS)-spaces, the author describes power series (PLS)-spaces which are (LFS)-spaces. More precisely, given \(\alpha =(\alpha _j)\) and \(\beta =(\beta _j)\) nonnegative sequences of scalars with \[ \lim_{j \to \infty}\alpha _j=\lim_{j \to \infty}\beta _j = \infty \] and sequences \(r_n \leq r_{n+1} \rightarrow r, \, s_n \leq s_{n+1} \rightarrow s,\) where \(r, \, s \in \{0, + \infty \},\) consider the matrix \(A=(a_{j,N,n})\) defined by \[ a_{j,N,n}=\text{e}^{r_N \alpha _j-s_n\beta _j}, \] and the Köthe type (PLS)-space \(\Lambda^p(A)\), denoted by \(\Lambda^p_{r,s}(\alpha, \beta)\) [cf.\ \textit{D.\ Vogt}, Proc.\ NATO Adv.\ Res.\ Workshop, Istanbul/Turkey 1988, NATO ASI Ser., Ser.\,C 287, 11--27 (1989; Zbl 0711.46006)]. Then it is shown that \(\Lambda^p_{r,s}(\alpha, \beta)\) is topologically an (LFS)-space if and only if it is a product of a (FS)-space and an (LS)-space.