Singularities of the Hamiltonian vector field in optimal control problems (Q5927714)

Extending to optimal control previous research of \textit{I. Ekeland} [Publ. Math., Inst. Haut. Étud. Sci. 47(1977), 5-32 (1978; Zbl 0447.49015)], the author studies the ``generic'' singularities of Hamiltonians arising in the formulation of the Maximum Principle for optimal control problems, that are of the form: \[ H(x,p):=\displaystyle \max_{u\in M}{\mathcal H}(x,p,u), \;{\mathcal H}(x,p,u): =p.F(x,u)-f(x,u) \] in the case \(M\) is an \(n\)-dimensional compact manifold with 2-dimensional corners. First, using the general singularity theory, the author proves in Theorem 1 that for any \((F,f)\) in a residual subset of the set of \(C^\infty\) functions, a fixed point \((\overline x,\overline p)\in T^*R\) belongs to one of certain \(8\) singularity sets for which ``local normal forms'' of the Hamiltonian are provided. The largest part of the paper is devoted to the description of local phase portraits of the trajectories of the corresponding Hamiltonian vector field \(X_H(.,.)\) which, at the differentiability points of \(H(.,.)\), is defined by: \[ X_H(x,p):= \Biggl({{\partial H}\over{\partial p}}(x,p), -{{\partial H}\over {\partial x}}(x,p)\Biggr), \] in a neighbourhood of each type of singular point. One may note that at the points at which \(H(.,.)\) is not differentiable, the author does not give a clear definition of the Hamiltonian ``orientor field'' \(X_H(.,.)\) (which should be a multifunction), so the analysis of the local phase portraits seems rather ``artisanal''; since the generic local normal forms of the Hamiltonian in Theorem 1 seem to be locally-Lipschitz stratified functions, perhaps a more rigorous study could be obtained using either the ``stratified Hamiltonian orientor fields'' in [\textit{Şt. Mirică}, Anal. Univ. Bucur., Mat. 33, 59-68 (1984; Zbl 0546.49009); Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roum., Nouv. Sér. 41, No. 1, 23-40 (1998; Zbl 0949.35040)] or ``Clarke's Hamiltonian inclusion'' in [\textit{F. H. Clarke}, ``Optimization and nonsmooth analysis'' (1983; Zbl 0582.49001)].