The proper dissipative extensions of a dual pair (Q334787)

Let \(A\) and \((-\widetilde A)\) be dissipative operators on a Hilbert space \(\mathcal H\) and let \((A,\widetilde A)\) form a dual pair, i.e., \(A\subset\widetilde A^*\), resp., \(\widetilde A\subset A^*\). An operator \(A'\) is said to be a {\textit{proper}} extension of the dual pair \((A,\widetilde{A})\) if \(A\subset {A'}\subset\widetilde{A}^*\), resp., \(\widetilde{A}\subset ({A'})^*\subset A^*\). It is assumed that \(\mathcal D(A)\cap\mathcal D(\widetilde A)\) is dense in \(\mathcal H\). Denote by \(V:=\frac{A-\widetilde{A}}{2i}\) the non-negative symmetric operator with domain \(\mathcal D(V) = \mathcal D(A)\cap\mathcal D(\widetilde A)\) or \(\mathcal D(V)=\mathcal D\) if \(A\) and \(\widetilde A\) have common core \(\mathcal D\). Let \(V_K\) be the Krein-von Neumann extension of \(V\) and \(V_F\) be the Friedrichs extension of \(V\). The authors present a method of determining the proper dissipative extensions \(\widehat A\) of this dual pair. Let \(\mathcal{V}\subset\mathcal{D}(\widetilde{A}^*)/\mathcal{D}(A)\) be a linear space. Define the operator \(A_\mathcal{V}=\widetilde{A}^*\upharpoonright_{\mathcal{D}(A_\mathcal{V})}\) with \(\mathcal{D}(A_\mathcal{V})=\mathcal{D}(A)\dot{+}\mathcal{V} \). It is proved that the operator \(A_\mathcal{V}\) is dissipative if and only if \(\mathcal{V}\subset\mathcal{D}(V_K^{1/2})\) and \(\operatorname{Im}\langle v,\widetilde{A}^*v\rangle\geq \|V_K^{1/2}v\|^2\) for all \(v\in\mathcal{V}\). Let \(\mathcal{N}_C\) denotes the numerical range of an operator \(C\). The authors prove that \(\inf\limits_{z\in\mathcal{N}_{A}}\operatorname{Im} z= \inf\limits_{z\in\mathcal{N}_{A_\mathcal{V}}}\operatorname{Im} z\) for any extension \(A_{\mathcal{V}}\) with \(\mathcal{V}\subset\mathcal{D}(V_F^{1/2})\). Applications to symmetric operators, symmetric operators perturbed by a relatively bounded dissipative operator, and more singular differential operators are discussed.