Commensurability and virtual fibration for graph manifolds (Q2565075)

Two manifolds are commensurable if they have diffeomorphic finite curves. The author seeks for invariants that distinguish manifolds up to commensurability. A collection of such commensurability invariants is complete if it always distinguishes non-commensurable manifolds. Commensurability invariants of hyperbolic 3-manifolds are discussed in [the author with \textit{A. W. Reid}, Topology `90, Contrib. Res. Semester Low Dimensional Topol., Columbus/OH(USA) 1990, Ohio State Univ. Math. Res. Inst. Publ. 1, 273-310 (1992; Zbl 0777.57007)]. Here the author discusses commensurability of non-hyperbolic 3-manifolds. The main results of this paper are the following theorems: Theorem A. For each of the six ``Seifert geometries'' \(\mathbb{S}^3\), \(\mathbb{E}^3\), \(\mathbb{S}^2 \times \mathbb{E}^1\), \(\mathbb{H}^2 \times \mathbb{E}^1\), \(\mathbb{N} il\), and \(\mathbb{P} SL\) there is just one commensurability class of compact geometric 3-manifolds with the given structure (two for the last two geometries if orientation-preserving commensurability of oriented manifolds is considered). For the remaining nonhyperbolic geometry \(\mathbb{S} ol\), the commensurability classes are in one-one correspondence with real quadratic number fields (such a manifold is covered by a torus bundle over a circle and the field in question is the field generated by an eigenvalue of the monodromy of this bundle). Noncompact finite volume nonhyperbolic geometric 3-manifolds admit geometric structures of both types \(\mathbb{H}^2 \times \mathbb{E}^3\) and \(\mathbb{P} SL\) and form just one commensurability class, also in the oriented case. Let \(M\) be a closed non-Seifert-fibered oriented 3-manifold obtained by pasting two Seifert manifolds, \(M_1\) and \(M_2\), each having a torus as its boundary, along these tori. Suppose also that neither half \(M_i\) is the total space \(SMb\) of the circle bundle over the Möbius band with orientable total space (otherwise there is a double cover of \(M\) that either satisfies our requirements or is a torus bundle over the circle and is thus covered by Theorem A). To each half \(M_i\) of \(M\) is associated a pair of numerical invariants \(e_i\), \(\chi_i \in \mathbb{Q}\) (the Euler number of the fibration and orbifold Euler characteristic of the base, as described in Section 2) with \(\chi_i \neq 0\). Let \(p\) be the intersection number within the gluing torus of the fibers of the two pieces of \(M\). Denote \(v_i= \chi^2_i/e_i \in\mathbb{Q} \cup \{\infty\}\) and exchange \(M_1\) and \(M_2\) if necessary to make \(|v_i |\leq |v_2 |\). Theorem B. 1. Let \(M\) be as above. Then \(p^2e_1e_2\) and \(v_1/v_2\) are commensurability invariants of \(M\). Their product is a rational square (or indeterminate if \(e_1= e_2=0)\). 2. For each \(p^2e_1e_2 \in\mathbb{Q} -\{0\}\) and \(v_1/v_2 \in [-1,1] \cap (\mathbb{Q}- \{0\})\) whose product is a rational square there is a unique commensurability class of \(M\) as above. If \(e_2=0\) there are two commensurability classes according to whether \(e_1 \) is also zero or not. 3. The above commensurability class splits into two orientation preserving ones, determined by the sign of \(e_1\), unless \(e_1= e_2=0\) or \(e_1e_2<0\) and \(v_1/v_2=-1\). Theorem C. Suppose a closed connected oriented manifold \(M\) is either obtained by pasting two connected Seifert fibered manifolds together along their boundaries or by pasting the boundary components of a single connected Seifert fibered manifold together in pairs. Then \(M\) is Seifert fibered, or covered by a torus bundle over \(S^1\), or commensurable with a manifold of Theorem B. Theorem D. The manifold \(M\) of Theorem B is virtually fibered if and only if \(0 < p^2e_1e_2 \leq 1\) or \(e_1= e_2=0\). Theorem E. 1. The above \(M\) is the link of a complex surface singularity if and only if \(A(M)\) is negative definite. 2. The above \(M\) fibers over the circle if and only if \(A(M)\) annihilates a vector with no zero component (we say \(A(M)\) is ``supersingular''). 3. The above \(M\) has a ``horizontal surface'' (an embedded surface transverse to a Seifert fiber of one of the \(M)\) if and only if \(A(M)\) is singular.