\(S\)-shaped bifurcation branch in a quasilinear multivalued model arising in climatology (Q1275329)

The problem studied is a nonlinear elliptic boundary value problem of the form \[ -\text{div}\bigl(|\nabla u|^{p-2} \nabla u\bigr) +G(u)+C = QS(x) \beta(u) \text{ on }M. \] Here \(M\) is a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold without boundary, \(G\) is continuous and increasing with \(\lim_{| s|\to \infty} G(s)= \infty\), \(G(0)=0\), \(\beta\) is a bounded maximal monotone graph, \(S(x)\) is positive and bounded, \(C\) and \(Q\) are constants. The authors prove existence and multiplicity results.