Bessel sequences in Sobolev spaces (Q2368869)

One can define a Bessel sequence \(\{\varphi_k\}\) for a \(p\)-normed space \(B\) by stipulating that the operator \(\{c_k\}\mapsto \sum_k c_k\varphi_k\) is continuous from \(\ell^p\) to \(B\). An example of the space \(B\) is the (inhomogeneous) Besov space \(B_{pp}^\mu(\mathbb{R})\) which can be defined in terms of a suitably normalized wavelet basis \(\{\psi_{jk}\}\) as consisting of those \(f\in L^p(\mathbb{R})\) such that \(\sum_{j=0}^\infty 2^{p j\mu} \sum_{k=-\infty}^\infty | \langle f,\psi_{jk}\rangle| ^p <\infty\). When \(p=2\), \(B_{22}^\mu=H^\mu\), the Sobolev subspace of \(L^2\). The condition on the wavelets is essentially that they belong to \(B_{pp}^\mu\) as well. Here, the author considers conditions under which certain vaguelette like sequences \(\{\psi_{jk}\}\) form Bessel sequences in \(B_{pp}^\mu(\mathbb{R}^s)\) (see also \textit{Y.~Meyer} [``Ondelettes et opérateurs. II: Opérateurs de Calderón--Zygmund'' (Actualités Mathématiques, Hermann, Paris) (1990; Zbl 0745.42011)]). In this synopsis, we take \(s=1\) and dilation factor 2. The conditions on \(\{\psi_{jk}\}\) are that (i) they each have \(L^2\)-norm at most one, (ii) they each have integral zero, (iii) \(\| \psi_{jk}\| _{H^\mu}\leq C 2^{j\mu}\), and (iv) \(k/2^j+K[-1,1]/2^j\). Here \(C\) and \(K\) are independent of \(j,k\). The author shows that \(\{\psi_{jk}\}\) then forms a Bessel sequence for \(H^\mu\). In fact, the moment condition \(\int \psi_{jk}=0\) is not necessary. This result is then extended to \(B_{pp}^\mu\) under essentially the same conditions. Ideas from polynomial approximation play a role, and one of the key steps is to obtain Bessel sequence bounds that are uniform in scale for each of the scale subsequences \(\{\psi_{jk}\}_k\). That vanishing moments are not necessary, is reminiscent of the work of \textit{R.~Rochberg} and \textit{S.~W.\ Semmes} [J.\ Funct.\ Anal.\ 86, No.~2, 237--306 (1989; Zbl 0699.47012)] on nearly weakly orthogonal sequences.