Convolution sums of some functions on divisors (Q2478046)

For \(s,n\in\mathbb{N}\), let \(\widetilde{\sigma}_s(n)=\sum_{d| n}(-1)^{d-1}d^s\) and \(\widehat{\sigma}_s(n)=\sum_{d| n}(-1)^{(n/d)-1}d^s\), with \(\widetilde{\sigma}_1(n)=\widetilde{\sigma}(n)\), \(\widehat{\sigma}_1(n)=\widehat{\sigma}(n)\) and \(\widetilde{\sigma}_s(n)=\widehat{\sigma}_s(n)=0\) if \(n\notin\mathbb{N}\). One of the goals of this paper is to establish convolution sums involving \(\widetilde{\sigma}_s\) and \(\widehat{\sigma}_s\) for certain \(s\); the author does this by defining three functions \(\mathcal{P}(q)\), \(\mathcal{E}(q)\) and \(\mathcal{Q}(q)\) related by \(\widetilde{\sigma}_s\) and \(\widehat{\sigma}_s\), and then considering differential equations that are satisfied by these functions. The author also derives some representations of the infinite series related by the functions \(\mathcal{P}(q)\), \(\mathcal{E}(q)\) and \(\mathcal{Q}(q)\), such as \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{n-1}n^m/\sinh(ny)\) for \(m=3,5,7\). Let \(r_s(n)\) and \(\delta_s(n)\) be the number of representations of \(n\) as a sum of \(s\) squares and \(s\) triangular numbers, respectively, the author shows that \(r_4(n)=16\,\widehat{\sigma}(n/2)+8\,\widehat{\sigma}(n)\), \(\delta_4(n)=\widetilde{\sigma}(2n+1)\), \(r_8(n)=16(-1)^{n-1}\widetilde{\sigma}_3(n)\), and \(8\delta_8(n)=\widetilde{\sigma}_3(n+1)-\widetilde{\sigma}_3(2(n+1))\). Finally, the author finds some partition congruences by using the notion of colored partition; more precisely, it is shown that for \(\mu(n)\) and \(\nu(n)\) defined by the relations \(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\mu(n)q^n=\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}(1-q^n)^8(1-q^{2n})^8\) and \(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\nu(n)q^n=\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}(1-q^{2n})^8(1+q^n)^8\), one has \(\mu(3n-1)\equiv 0\pmod{3}\) and \(\nu(n-1)\equiv\widetilde{\sigma}_3(n)\pmod{3}\). In many proofs, the author uses the procedure duplication in the theory of elliptic functions, which allows us to deduce a ``new'' formula from the ``old'' one.