Nonlinear functional equations satisfied by orthogonal polynomials (Q619069)

This very interesting paper generalizes a result by \textit{C. Bender} and \textit{E. Ben-Naim} [J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 40, No. 1, F9--F15 (2007; Zbl 1116.33009)]. There it was proved that the nonlinear integral equations \[ P(t)=\int_a^b\,P(x)P(x+t)w(x)dx\text{ resp. }P(t)=\int_a^b\,P(x)P(xt)w(x)dx \] admit an infinite set of polynomial solutions whch constitute families of orthogonal polynomials on \([a,b]\). In the papar by Brezinski, the starting point is a general linear functional \(c^{(0)}\) on the space of polynomials that is defined by its moments \(c^{(0)}(x^i)=c_i\;(i\geq 0),\;c {(0)}(x^i)=0\;(i<0)\). Introduce the Hankel determinants \[ H^{(i)}=\left|\begin{matrix} c_i&c_{i+1}&\cdots&c_{i+k-1}\cr c_{i+1}&c_{i+2}&\cdots&c_{i+k}\cr \vdots&\vdots&&\vdots\cr c_{i+k-1}&c_{i+k}&\cdots&c_{i+2k-1}\end{matrix}\right|, \] then the polynomials \[ P_k^{(1)}(x)=D_k^{(1)}\left|\begin{matrix} 1&x&\cdots&x^k\cr c_{1}&c_{2}&\cdots&c_{k+1}\cr \vdots&\vdots&&\vdots\cr c_{k}&c_{k+1}&\cdots&c_{2k+1}\end{matrix}\right|\;(k\geq 0) \] (\(D_k^{(1)}\) is a normalizing factor) are orthogonal with respect to \(c^{(1)}\) (the linear functional defined by \(c^{(1)}(x^i)=c^{(0)}(x^{i+1})\)) \[ c^{(1)}(x^iP_k^{(1)}(x))=0,\;i=0,\ldots,k-1, \] and has exact degree \(k\) if \(H^{(1)}_k\not= 0\). The main results are \textbf{1.} For \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\), each \(P_k^{(1)}\) is a solution of the nonlinear functional equation \[ P_k^{(1)}(t)c^{(0)}(P_k^{(1)}(x))=c^{(0)}(P_k^{(1)}(x)P_k^{(1)}(\alpha x+t)). \] \textbf{2.} The family of formal orthogonal polynomials \(\{P_k^{(0,1)}\}\) w.r.t. \(c^{(0)}-c ^{(1)}\), normalization \(c^{(0)}(P_k^{(0,1)}(x))=1\), is the solution of the nonlinear functional equation \[ P_k^{(0,1)}(t)=c^{(0)}(P_k^{(0,1)}(x)P_k^{(0,1)}(xt)). \] \textbf{3.} For ordinary orthogonal polynomials, the Christoffel-Darboux relation reads \[ K_k(x,t)=\sum_{i=0}^k\,h_i^{-1}P_i(x)P_i(z), \] where \(h_i=c(P_i^2)\). \textbf{a)} If \(c\equiv c^{(0)},\,P_i\equiv P_i^{(1)},\,K_k\equiv K_k^{(1)}\), then \[ c^{(0)}(K_k^{(1)}(x,\alpha x+t))=\sum_{i=0}^k\,h_i^{-1}c^{(0)}(P_i^{(1)}(x))P^{(1)}_i(t). \] \textbf{b)} If \(c\equiv c^{(0)}-c^{(1)},\,P_i\equiv P_i^{(0,1)},\,K_k\equiv K_k^{(0,1)}\), then \[ (c^{(0)}-c^{(1)})(K_k^{(0,1)}(x,xt))=\sum_{i=0}^k\,h_i^{-1}P^{(0,1)}_i(t). \] Furthermore a.o. some applications to Legendre polynomials, associated polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials are given. The paper concludes with a section on orthogonality w.r.t. an inner product in the setting of \(\mathbb{F}[z]\), where \({\mathbb{F}}\) is an arbitrary field with involution.