The dual notion of the prime radical of a module. (Q2438373)

Dualizing the concept of prime radical of a module, the authors study the so-called second radical of a module over an arbitrary ring \(R\) with identity. A right module \(M\) over \(R\) is called a second module if \(M\neq 0\) and the annihilator equality \(\mathrm{ann}_R(M)=\mathrm{ann}_R(M/N)\) holds for every proper submodule \(N\) of \(M\). A submodule of a module is called a second submodule if it is also a second module. The second radical of a module is defined as the sum of all its second submodules. The authors give some properties of the second radical and determine it for some modules. They also describe the second radical in terms of a new concept called \(m^*\)-system. They study when the second radical of a module \(M\) coincides with the radical of \(M\), and give a characterization of the socle of a Noetherian module over a ring \(R\) such that the factor ring \(R/P\) is right Artinian for every right primitive ideal \(P\) by using the second radical.