Hilbert-Kunz density function for graded domains (Q1979301)

In this work, the authors generalize some results on the Hilbert-Kunz density function for a \textit{graded pair} \((R,I)\). More in detail, they prove the existence of the HK density function when \(R\) is an \(\mathbb{N}\)-graded domain (of dimension greater then 1) of finite type over a finite perfect field, and \(I\) is a graded ideal of finite colength. This result generalize that one in [\textit{V. Trivedi}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 370, No. 12, 8403--8428 (2018; Zbl 1400.13019)], where \(R\) was a \textit{standard graded domain}. Moreover, they also generalize some properties of such a function from the aforementioned paper and from [\textit{V. Trivedi} and \textit{K. I. Watanabe}, J. Algebra, 567, 533--563 (2021; Zbl 1457.13012)]. These contributions could be more useful to work on some not standard graded rings such as, for instance, affine toric rings. More in detail, let \(R\) be a \(\mathbb{N}\)-graded domain over a perfect field of characteristic \(p > 0\), and let \(I\) be a graded ideal of finite colength, that is, \((R,I)\) is a graded pair. If \(M\) is a finitely generated graded \(R\)-module, then the Hilbert-Kunz density function \( f_{M,I}\) can be defined as the limit of a uniformly convergent sequence of compactly supported functions. The following equalities hold: \[ (a)\ f_{M,I}=(\text{rank}\ M) f_{R,I} \quad \text{and} \quad (b)\ e_{HK}(M,I)=\int_{0}^{\infty}{f_{M,I}(x)dx,} \] where \(e_{HK}(M,I)\) is the \(HK\) multiplicity of \(M\) with respect to \(I\) [\textit{P. Monsky}, Math. Ann. 263, 43--49 (1983; Zbl 0509.13023)]. The proof of the main theorem can be summarized as follows: firstly, the particular case for \(M=R\), \(R\) normal graded domain, is proved. Then, the result is extended to \(R\) as graded domain. Finally, it is extended to graded modules over \((R,I)\). Some properties of the HK density function \(f_{M,I}\) are also generalized for graded domains [\textit{V. Trivedi} and \textit{K. I. Watanabe}, J. Algebra, 567, 533--563 (2021; Zbl 1457.13012)]: \begin{itemize} \item[--] it is a multiplicative function for Segre product; \item[--] its maximum support \(\alpha(M,I)\) is the \(F\)-threshold of an \(\mathbf{m}\)-primary ideal; \item[--] it has a closed formula when \(\text{dim}\ R=2\) or \(I\) is generated by a system of parameters. \end{itemize} Furthermore, a section of the paper is devoted to some relevant examples of particular HK density functions \(f_{R,I}\): \begin{itemize} \item[--] when \(\mu(I)=\text{dim}\ R\); \item[--] when \(\text{dim}\ R=2\); \item[--] when \(\text{proj dim}_R I<\infty\). \end{itemize} Finally, the authors give some concrete examples of the computation of HK density functions. More precisely, let \(G\) be a finite subgroup of \(\text{SL}_2(k)\) acting on the polynomial ring \(k[X,Y]\). The HK density functions for some particular pairs \((R^G,\mathbf{m}_G)\) are given.