Hilbert-Kunz density functions and \(F\)-thresholds (Q2214137)

In this paper, the two authors investigate some invariants related to Hilbert-Kunz density function and HK multiplicity, cf. [\textit{V. Trivedi}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 370, No. 12, 8403--8428 (2018; Zbl 1400.13019)]. In some particular cases, these invariants have been related to the notion of \(F\)-threshold [\textit{C. Huneke} et al., Mich. Math. J. 57, 463--483 (2008; Zbl 1186.13002)].\newline Let \(R\) be a Noetherian standard graded ring over a perfect field of characteristic \(p > 0\), and let \(I\) be a graded ideal of finite colength, that is, \((R,I)\) is a standard graded pair. If \(M\) is a finitely generated graded \(R\)-module, then the Hilbert-Kunz density function \( f_{M,I}\) can be defined as the limit of a uniformly convergent sequence of compactly supported functions. The following equality holds: \[ \int_{0}^{\infty}{f_{M,I}(x)dx=e_{HK}(M,I),} \] where \(e_{HK}(M,I)\) is the \(HK\) multiplicity of \(M\) with respect to \(I\) [\textit{P. Monsky}, Math. Ann. 263, 43--49 (1983; Zbl 0509.13023)].\newline If \((R,I)\) is a standard graded pair, and \(M\) is a finitely generated \(R\)-module, then the maximal support is defined as: \[ \alpha(M,I)=\mathrm{Sup}\{x\mid f_{M,I}(x)>0\}. \] If the dimension of the standard graded pair is greater then 1, then \(\alpha(M,I)\leq c^I(\mathbf{m})\), where \(c^I(\mathbf{m})\) is the \(F\)-threshold of \(\mathbf{m}\) (the graded maximal ideal of \(R\)) with respect to \(I\). The equality \(\alpha(M,I)= c^I(\mathbf{m})\) holds in the following cases: \begin{itemize} \item[--] the dimension of \((R,I)\) is 1 and \(R\) is a reduced ring; \item[--] \(R\) is a two dimensional domain and \(I\) is generated by homogeneous elements of the same degree; \item[--] the dimension of \((R,I)\) is \(\geq 2\), and \(R\) is strongly \(F\)-regular [\textit{M. Hochster} and \textit{C. Huneke}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 346, No. 1, 1--62 (1994; Zbl 0844.13002)] on \(\mathrm{Spec}R\setminus \{\mathbf{m}\}\); \item[--] the dimension of \(R,I\) is \(d \geq 2\) over a perfect field and \(I\) is generated by homogeneous system of parameters \(f_1,\ldots,f_d\); \item[--] for the Segre products of all such pairs. \end{itemize} The above identification is also useful to understand under which conditions the \(F\)-thresholds \(c^I(\mathbf{m})\) are rational numbers (an open problem formulated in [\textit{M. Mustaţă} et al., in: Proceedings of the 4th European congress of mathematics (ECM), Stockholm, Sweden, June 27--July 2, 2004. Zürich: European Mathematical Society (EMS). 341--364 (2005; Zbl 1092.32014)]). Furthermore, under appropriate conditions, the shape of the graph of \(f_{R,\mathbf{m}}\) determines the regularity of the ring \(R\), through the maximal support \(\alpha(R,\mathbf{m})\).\newline Finally, the invariants analyzed above are used as tools in a substantial amount of algebraic-geometrical applications related to vector bundles on nonsingular projective curves. In particular, the authors give the computations of \(F\)-thresholds for plane trinomials.