Elliptic curves over the rational numbers with semi-abelian reduction and two-division points (Q2239146)

The paper under review studies elliptic curves over \(\mathbb{Q}\). Recall that, given an elliptic curve \(E_\mathbb{Q}\subset \mathbb{P}^2_\mathbb{Q}\), one can take the closure of \(E_\mathbb{Q}\subset\mathbb{P}^2_\mathbb{Z}\) and obtain the \textit{minimal model} \(X\) of \(E_\mathbb{Q}\), after resolution of singularities and contraction of \((-1)\)-curves. The \textit{Néron model} \(E\) of \(E_\mathbb{Q}\) is the smooth locus of \(X/\mathbb{Z}\). The restriction map \(E(\mathbb{Z})\to E(\mathbb{Q})\) is bijective and this finitely generated abelian group is the \textit{Mordell-Weil group}. One says that \(E_\mathbb{Q}\) has \begin{itemize} \item \textit{good reduction at} \(a\in \mathrm{Spec}(\mathbb{Z})\) if the fibre \(E_a\) is an elliptic curve. \item \textit{multiplicative reduction at} \(a\) if the connected component of the origin \(E_a^\circ\) is a twisted form of \(\mathbb{G}_m \otimes \kappa(a)\). \end{itemize} Moreover one says that the Néron model \(E\) is \textit{semi-abelian} if \(E_\mathbb{Q}\) has good or multiplicative reduction at all closed point. The author of the paper under review makes the following assumptions: \(E\) is semi-abelian, has good reduction at \(p=2\) and there is an element \(P\in E(\mathbb{Z})\) of order two, which remains nontrivial in \(E(\mathbb{F}_2)\). After deducing in Section 2 the form of the Weierstrass equation under the previous geometric assumptions (cf.\ Theorem 2.1), the author of the paper under review proves the first main result (Theorem 3.8), which characterises the existence of a second element \(Q\neq P\) of order two in \(E(\mathbb{Z})\) in terms of relative groups schemes and the arithmetic of the Weierstrass equation. In the second part of the paper under review, the author deduces refined classification results after strengthening the hypothesis on the order-two elements (cf. Theorems 5.1-2): for this, \textit{J. Vélu}'s formula in [C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. A 273, 238--241 (1971; Zbl 0225.14014)] is used. The final section is devoted to a reinterpretation of the results in terms of Deligne-Mumford stacks of pointed genus-one curves (cf. Propositions 6.1-2).