A mechanism for detecting normally hyperbolic invariant tori in differential equations (Q6134666)

Consider differential systems in the so-called standard form for averaging \(x'=\varepsilon F(t,x,\varepsilon)\), where \(F\) is \(T\)-periodic in the first variable (\(T>0\) is fixed). Using first order averaging theory, it is known that the existence of \(T\)-periodic solutions is related to the existence of equilibrium points of the averaged equation \(x'=f_1(x)\) where \(f_1(x)=\int_0^TF(t,x,0)dt\). D. Novaes worked in collaboration with other authors to generalize this result in the framework of higher order averaging theory. Results that go back to Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii and Hale assure that the existence of invariant tori is related to the existence of limit cycles of the averaged equation. In this article, the authors generalise these results in the framework of higher order averaging theory. They work in dimension \(2\). The proof of their main result is an adaptation of the method of continuation employed in [\textit{C. Chicone} and \textit{W. Liu}, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 31, No. 2, 386--415 (2000; Zbl 0942.34035)].