A character theoretic condition characterizing nilpotent groups
It is known that if \(G\) is nilpotent then \(\chi(1)^2\) divides \(|G/\ker(\chi)|\) for every irreducible character \(\chi\) of \(G\). It is remarkable that the converse assertion is also true. Theorem A. A group \(G\) is nilpotent if and only if \(\chi(1)^2\) divides \(|G/\ker(\chi)|\) for all irreducible characters \(\chi\) of \(G\). The proof depends on the classification of finite simple groups. The theorem follows easily from the following two results. Proposition 2.1. Let \(K\) be a nonabelian simple group. Then there exist a prime \(p\) and an irreducible character \(\psi\) of \(K\) satisfying \(|\text{Out}(K)|_p<|K|_p=\psi(1)_p\). Proposition 2.2 (Isaacs). Let \(H\) be a nontrivial nilpotent \(p'\)-group acting faithfully on an elementary abelian \(p\)-group \(V\). Then there exists \(v\in V\) such that \(|C_H(v)|<\sqrt{|H|}\). In particular, \(\chi(1)^2\) does not divide \(| G|\) for some \(\chi\in\text{Irr}(G)\). I conjecture that if \(\chi(1)^2\) divides \(|G|>1\) for all \(\chi\in\text{Irr}(G)\), then \(F(G)>\{1\}\), where \(F(G)\) is the Fitting subgroup of \(G\). If so, this result is a generalization of Theorem A, in view of Proposition 2.2.
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