A harmonic level set proof of a positive mass theorem
A Riemannian 3-manifold \((M, g)\) with non-compact boundary \(\Sigma\) is called asymptotically flat with decay rate \(\tau > \frac{1}{2}\) if there exists a compact set \(K \subset M\) and a diffeomorphism\N\[\N\Psi : M \setminus K \to \mathbb{R}^3_+ \setminus {B^+_1(0)}\N\]\Nsuch that the metric components satisfy the following decay condition for \(r \to +\infty\):\N\[\N|g_{ij}(x) - \delta_{ij}| + r\, |g_{ij,k}| + r^2\, |g_{ij,kl}| = O(r^{-\tau}),\N\]\Nwhere \(x = (x^1, x^2, x^3)\) denotes the coordinate system on \(M\setminus K\) induced by \(\Psi\), \(r = |x|\) is the Euclidean norm, \(g_{ij}\) are the components of \(g\) in this coordinate system, \(B^+_1(0) = \{ x \in \mathbb{R}^3_+ \; ; \; |x| \leq 1 \}\) is the closed upper half-ball, and \(\delta\) is the standard Euclidean metric. Additionally, it is assumed that the scalar curvature \(R_g\) of \(g\), and the mean curvature \(H_g\) of the embedding \(\Sigma \to M\), are both integrable over their respective domains.\N\NThe mass of the Riemannian manifold \((M, g)\) is defined by \N\[\Nm(M, g) = \lim_{r \to +\infty} \frac{1}{16\pi} \left[ \int_{S^2_{r,+}} (g_{ij,j} - g_{jj,i}) \mu^i \, dS^2_r + \int_{S^1_r} g_{\alpha 3} \vartheta^\alpha \, dS^1_r \right],\N\]\Nwhere \(S^2_{r,+}\) denotes a coordinate hemisphere of large radius \(r\), with outer unit normal vector field \(\mu\), and \(S^1_r = \partial S^2_{r,+}\) is its boundary circle. The vector field \(\vartheta\) represents the outer unit co-normal to \(S^1_r\), oriented consistently as the boundary of the region \(\Sigma_r \subset \Sigma\).\N\NThe authors establish a result that provides an explicit lower bound for the mass. This bound yields in particular the positive mass theorem for asymptotically flat 3-manifolds with non-compact boundary, which was previously proven in [\textit{S. Almaraz} et al., Commun. Anal. Geom. 24, No. 4, 673--715 (2016; Zbl 1360.53035)].\N\NMore precisely, let \((M^3, g)\) be an asymptotically flat 3-manifold with non-compact boundary \(\Sigma\), and suppose that the scalar curvature \(R_g \geq 0\) and the mean curvature \(H_g \geq 0\). Then the mass satisfies the inequality \N\[\Nm(M, g) \geq \frac{1}{16\pi} \int_{M_{\mathrm{ext}}} \Bigl(\frac{|\nabla^2 u|^2}{|\nabla u|} + R_g |\nabla u| \Bigr) dV + \frac{1}{8\pi} \int_{\Sigma_{\mathrm{ext}}} H_g |\nabla u| \, dA, \N\]\Nwhere \(\nabla u\) and \(\nabla^2 u\) denote the gradient and Hessian of a suitable function \(u\) with respect to the metric \(g\), and the integrals are taken over the exterior region \(M_{\mathrm{ext}}\) of \(M\) and the boundary exterior region \(\Sigma_{\mathrm{ext}}\) of \(\Sigma\).
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