Adaptive control processes: a guided tour.
Immanuel Kant has said in his Critique of pure reason, that ``\dots our diverse modes of knowledge must not be permitted to be a mere rhapsody, but must form a system. His predecessor, \'Descartes, also emphasized the unity of the sciences with the first of his 21 rules [see, e. g., Letter to Mersenne, 24 Dec. 1640. Œuvres de Descartes, Correspondance III, Paris 1899]. With a similar spirit in mind the author of the book under review makes use of his results on dynamic programming [Dynamic programming, Princeton N. J. (1957; Zbl 0077.13605)], among other things, to sketch an outline of a comprehensive mathematical theory of control processes; special emphasis is placed on various kinds of extremal problems, e. g., as concern least time trajectories in some specified phase space and special emphasis is placed on problems dealing with optimal policy, e. g., as associated with ``bang-bang control processes. The author assumes that the reader of the book is quite familiar with the technical jargon of the field of control processes, e. g., nowhere does one find either a definition or an extensive classification of that which may be called a ``process [see, e. g., the paper by Brian Ellis, Br. J. Philos. Sci. 8, 45--56 (1957)]. ``Invariant imbedding, mentioned at least four times in the book, will be somewhat of a mystery to those who have not followed the papers on mathematical physics by the author and others [see, e.g., Bellman, \textit{R. Kalaba} and \textit{G. M. Wing}, J. Math. Phys. 1, 280--308 (1960; Zbl 0105.23202)]. Sometimes the sections are extremely sketchy, almost to the point of ``name-dropping, e. g., section 8.10 entitled ``Synthesis of logical systems has fewer lines of text devoted to it than there are books on the subject. However, such objections to the book are balanced, at least in part, by the ambitions and integrative nature of the far-reaching scope of the book. Each chapter of the book terminates an extensive and up-to-date bibliography on control processes and related subjects; however, some of the comments made in these bibliographs are misleading, e. g., on page 250 the author says, `` \dots let us mention a new technique due to G. Kron for decomposing complex processes into simple, the `tearing method'\.. But the ``tearing method is nearly 10 years old and there is only mention of secondary references and no mention of the primary reference due to \textit{G. Kron} [see, e. g., J. Appl. Phys. 24, 965--980 (1953; Zbl 0051.19405)]. No mention is made of the recent book which overlaps with the book under review (Eli Mishkin and Ludwig Braun jr. (Editors), Adaptive control systems, McGraw-Hill New York, 1961). To be more specific about the contents of the book, Chapter 1 is concerned with ``feedback control and the calculus of variations. Chapter 2 treats ``dynamical systems and transformations. Chapters 3 through 5, inclusive, deal with the application of dynamic programming to multistage decision processes, the calculus of variations and various computational problems, respectively. Chapter 6 discusses some aspects of ``the Lagrange multiplier. Chapter 7 places in evidence ideas of ``two-point boundary value problems. Chapter 8 gives a sketch of logical design problems concerned with sequential machines. As is obvious, Chapters 1 through 8, inclusive, deal with deterministic control problems. Chapters 9 through 13, inclusive treat of stochastic models associated with control, decision and learning processes, Chapter 14 deals with ``the theory of games and pursuit processes. Chapters 15 and 16 consider adaptive processes, where, e. g., it is not known, a priori, whether to treat the data with a deterministic or probabilistic model. Chapter 17 is a brief sketch of ``some aspects of communication theory as concern, e. g., allocation processes. The last chapter deals with some of the methods of ``successive approximation concerned with various process spaces. In extroduction to the review of this fine book, it appears to the reviewer that investigations of adaptive control processes, self-organizing systems and artificial intelligence seem to be merging to a common discipline containing, though not coextensive with, Wienerian or Ashbyean cybernetics.
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