Algebraically completely integrable systems and Kummer varieties

Jacobians, Prym varieties (14H40) Theta functions and abelian varieties (14K25) Completely integrable finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, integration methods, integrability tests (37J35) Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Three-body problems (70F07)

Review text

A system of ordinary differential equations (over \(\mathbb{R}\)) is called algebraically completely integrable (a.c.i.) when it is completely integrable and the complexified invariant manifolds complete into Abelian varieties, whose complexified commuting flows extend holomorphically. Here three examples, where the underlying Abelian varieties are Jacobians of genus two curves, are considered and compared. They are (i) the 3-body Toda lattice of 3 particles moving in a circle and interacting with exponential restoring forces, described by the system of equations \[ {\begin{aligned} \dot w_ 1=w_ 1(w_ 5-w_ 4),\qquad & \dot w_ 4=w_ 3-w_ 1,\\ \dot w_ 2=w_ 2(w_ 6-w_ 5),\qquad & \dot w_ 5=w_ 1-w_ 2,\\ \dot w_ 3=w_ 3(w_ 4-w_ 6),\qquad & \dot w_ 6+w_ 2-w_ 3,\end{aligned}} \] (ii) a transform of the Lyapunov-Steklov motion of a rigid body in an ideal fluid and the geodesic flow on \(SO(4)\), given by \[ \begin{alignedat}{2} \dot z_ 1&=z_ 2z_ 6,& \dot z_ 4&=z_ 3z_ 5,\\ \dot z_ 2&={1\over 2}z_ 3(z_ 1+z_ 4), & \qquad \dot z_ 5&=z_ 3z_ 4,\\ \dot z_ 3&={1\over 2}z_ 2(z_ 1+z_ 4), & \dot z_ 6&=z_ 1z_ 2,\end{alignedat} \] and (iii) the 7-dimensional system given by \[ \begin{alignedat}{2} \dot y_ 1&=-8y_ 7, & \dot y_ 4&=4y_ 2y_ 5-y_ 7, \\ \dot y_ 2&=4y_ 5, & \dot y_ 5&=y_ 6-4y_ 2y_ 4, \\ \dot y_ 3&=2(y_ 4y_ 7-y_ 5y_ 6), \qquad & \dot y_ 6&=-y_ 1y_ 5+2y_ 2y_ 7,\\ \dot y_ 7&=y_ 1y_ 4-2y_ 2y_ 6-4y_ 3.&&\end{alignedat} \] It is not at all evident to identify the associated Abelian varieties (Jacobians) by comparison of the differential equations. In fact, one usually has to complete the affine invariant manifolds by a divisor at infinity to obtain Abelian varieties. In the case of an a.c.i. system one often finds that the divisor at infinity has nice symmetry properties and one may descend to the associated Kummer varieties. One of the main results of the paper says that, for principally polarized Jacobians of genus two curves embedded in \(\mathbb{P}^{15}\) by hyperplane sections and assumed to come from so-called totally symmetric divisors, a biregular map between the associated Kummer surfaces may be lifted (under some additional conditions) to an isomorphism between the Jacobians, induced by a projective linear map of \(\mathbb{P}^{15}\). For the systems (i) and (iii) one shows that the conditions are satisfied, the divisors at infinity can be explicitly determined (they are related to the \(\Theta\)-divisor) and have the good symmetry properties, and one constructs a biregular map between the associated Kummer quartics. The result is the existence of a 1-parameter family, given explicitly, of isomorphisms between the corresponding polarized Abelian varieties. One can also require the Toda complex flow to go over to the 7-dimensional system complex flow, at some price. For the systems (ii) and (iii) one also obtains an explicit isomorphism between the associated Jacobians, but the flows are not mapped to each other. The paper gives a detailed introduction on the geometry of Abelian varieties, polarizations, (totally) symmetric divisors, theta groups, Wronskians and Kummer surfaces to get an explicit hold on what happens at infinity for genus two Jacobians of dynamical systems in general, and even more particularly for the above systems (i), (ii) and (iii).

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