Almost sure central limit theorems for stochastic wave equations
Wave equation (35L05) PDEs with randomness, stochastic partial differential equations (35R60) Central limit and other weak theorems (60F05) Gaussian processes (60G15) Stochastic calculus of variations and the Malliavin calculus (60H07) Stochastic partial differential equations (aspects of stochastic analysis) (60H15) White noise theory (60H40)
Consider the following stochastic wave equation in dimension \(d\in\{1,2\}\): \[ \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2}(t,x)=\Delta u(t,x)+\sigma(u(t,x))\dot{W}(t,x) \] for \(t>0\) and \(x\in\mathbb{R}^d\), with \(u(0,x)=1\) and \(\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}(0,x)=0\) for \(x\in\mathbb{R}^d\). Here \(\Delta\) is the Laplacian operator in the spatial variable \(x\) and \(\dot{W}\) is Gaussian noise which is white in the temporal component and whose spatial component is either a fractional noise (in the case \(d=1\)), is governed by a Riesz kernel (in the case \(d=2\)) or by a function satisfying Dalang's condition (in either the case \(d=1\) or \(d=2\)). The authors establish almost sure central limit theorems for solutions to this stochastic wave equation over a ball, as the radius of the ball tends to infinity. That is, writing \[ \mathcal{S}_{N,t}=\int_{|x|\leq N}[u(t,x)-1]\,\text{d}x\,, \] the authors show that, for a sequence \((d_k)\) of positive numbers satisfying certain growth conditions, \[ \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{d_1+\cdots+d_n}\sum_{k=1}^nd_kI\left\{\frac{\mathcal{S}_{k,t}}{\sqrt{\mbox{Var}(\mathcal{S}_{k,t})}}\leq x\right\}=\Phi(x) \] for any \(x\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(t>0\), where \(\Phi\) is the distribution function of the standard Gaussian random variable.
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