An addition formula for the e-functions

Here is a slightly edited version of the author's introduction: Let \(y^ 2=4x^ 3-g_ 2x-g_ 3\) be the Weierstrass normal form for the elliptic curve with periods 1 and t then \[ y^ 2=4(x-e_ 1)(x-e_ 2)(x-e_ 3), \] where \(e_ 1\), \(e_ 2\), \(e_ 3\) can be regarded as functions of t satisfying: \(e_ 1\), \(e_ 2\), \(e_ 3\) are analytic in the upper half plane, \(e_ 1+e_ 2+e_ 3=0\), \(e_ 1((1+i)/2)=e_ 2(1+i)=e_ 3(i)=0\), \(e_ j((at+b)/(ct+d))=(ct+d)^ 2e_ j(t)\), where \(\left[ \begin{matrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{matrix} \right]\) is a \(2\times 2\) unimodular matrix of level 2. Following the classical notation, define \(\Phi(t)=(e_ 1(t)-e_ 3(t))/(e_ 2(t)-e_ 3(t))\). Our first observation is that there is a constant a such that \[ ((\Phi-2)/\Phi(\Phi-1))d\Phi/dt= ae_ 2,\quad ((\Phi+1)/\Phi(\Phi-1))d\Phi/dt= ae_ 3,\quad ((1-2\Phi)/\Phi(\Phi- 1))d\Phi/dt= ae_ 1. \] Our main theorem can now be stated. Theorem. Let \(A=(-1,2)\), \(B=(-1,-1)\) and let \(a_ j\), \(b_ j\) be 2r arbitrary points in the upper half plane. Then, \[ \sum \int^{b_ j}_{a_ j}(e_ 1(t),e_ 2(t))dt=(2\pi i/a)(mA+nB) \] for suitable integers m and n if and only if \(H(0)=H(1)=1\) where \(H(t)=\prod (t-\Phi(b_ j))/(t-\Phi(a_ j)).\) As might be expected, this formula is a special case of a more general relation that can be made explicit in this and several other less familiar cases. One of the characteristics of any addition formula is that it sets up an isomorphism between some sort of algebraic set and an analytic group. In our case the isomorphism is as follows: (i) the algebraic set is the complex projective plane with three non-coaxial lines removed and (ii) the analytic group is the group of complex 2- vectors modulo the subgroup of integer linear combinations of the vectors \((2\pi i/a)A\) and \((2\pi i/a)B\).

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