An example of Silnikov focus-focus homoclinic orbits

DOI10.1016/J.NA.2020.112110MaRDI QIDQ2202222zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 17 September 2020

Published in Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods \& Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2020.112110

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Complex behavior and chaotic systems of ordinary differential equations (34C28) Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C37)

Review text

In the present manuscript, the authors provide a concrete example of a \textit{four-dimensional} autonomous system of ODEs possessing a \textit{Silnikov homoclinic orbit}. We remind that, given an autonomous system of ODEs \[ \dot x = F(x)\qquad\text{(where $F\in C^1(\mathbb{R}^n)$)}\tag{S} \] with a hyperbolic equilibrium $q$, a solution $x = x(t)$ of (S) is a \textit{Silnikov homoclinic orbit} if it satisfies the following properties: \begin{itemize} \item[(D0)] $x(t) \neq q$ and $|x(t)-q|\to 0$ as $|t|\to\infty$; \item[(D1)] the eigenvalues of $F'(q)$ having the smallest positive real part are of the form $\sigma+i\omega$, with $\omega > 0$, each having algebraic multiplicity one, and such that $0 < \sigma < -\mathrm{Re}(\lambda)$ for all eigenvalues $\lambda$ with $\mathrm{Re}(\lambda) < 0$; \item[(D2)] up to a scalar multiple, $x'(t)$ is the unique nontrivial bounded solution of \[ \dot y = F'(x(t))y; \] \item[(D3)] $x(t)e^{-\nu t}$ is unbounded on $t\leq 0$, where $\nu > 0$ is such that \[ \text{$\sigma < \nu < \lambda$ for all eigenvalues $\lambda$ of $F'(q)$ with $\mathrm{Re}(\lambda) > \sigma$}; \] \item[(D4)] there does not exist $\xi\neq 0$ such that the solution $y(t)$ of \[ \begin{cases} \dot y = -F'(x(t))^*y, \\ y(0) = \xi \end{cases} \] is bounded on $\mathbb{R}_-$, and the solution of \[ \begin{cases} \dot y = -\big(F'(x(t))^*-\nu\big)y, \\ y(0) = \xi \end{cases} \] is bounded on $\mathbb{R}_+$. \end{itemize} As pointed out by the authors in the Introduction, the importance of these orbits is that there exists \textit{chaotic behavior in their neighborhood}. In order to construct the mentioned example, the authors exploit essentially a \textit{perturbation approach}, which is carefully explained in the Introduction. \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] First of all, they construct a four-dimensional system having a homoclinic solution to a hyperbolic fixed point at the origin, and such that the linearization at 0 has two real eigenvalues with both algebraic and geometrical multiplicity 2. \item[(b)] Then, they add a two-parameter dependent perturbation of the form \[ A(\gamma)x+\mu h(x) \] where $A(\gamma)$ is a matrix such that $A(0) = 0$ and $h(x)$ is a nonlinear function such that $h(0) = 0$ and $h'(0) = 0$. \end{itemize} Under suitable `technical' assumptions on the function $h$, the authors are able to deduce from a general result (Theorem 1 of the paper) that the resulting system has a Silnikov homoclinic orbit.

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