Angle preserving mappings

DOI10.4171/ZAA/1551MaRDI QIDQ891805zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Ali Zamani, Mohammad Sal Moslehian, M. Frank

Publication date 17 November 2015

Published in Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.06293

zbMATH Keywords

angleinner product \(C^*\)-moduleinner product spaceorthogonality preserving mapping

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Geometry and structure of normed linear spaces (46B20) Hilbert and pre-Hilbert spaces: geometry and topology (including spaces with semidefinite inner product) (46C05) (C^*)-modules (46L08)

Abstract: In this paper, we give some characterizations of orthogonality preserving mappings between inner product spaces. Furthermore, we study the linear mappings that preserve some angles. One of our main results states that if $mathcalX,mathcalY$ are real inner product spaces and $hetain(0,pi)$, then an injective nonzero linear mapping $T:mathcalXlongrightarrowmathcalY$ is a similarity whenever (i) $xundersethetaangley,Leftrightarrow,TxundersethetaangleTy$ for all $x,yinmathcalX$; (ii) for all $x,yinmathcalX$, $|x|=|y|$ and $xundersethetaangley$ ensure that $|Tx|=|Ty|$. We also investigate orthogonality preserving mappings in the setting of inner product $C^{\ast }$-modules. Another result shows that if $mathbbK(mathscrH)subseteqmathscrAsubseteqmathbbB(mathscrH)$ is a $C^{\ast }$-algebra and $T,:mathscrElongrightarrowmathscrF$ is an $mathscrA$-linear mapping between inner product $mathscrA$-modules, then $T$ is orthogonality preserving if and only if $|x|leq|y|,Rightarrow,|Tx|leq|Ty|$ for all $x,yinmathscrE$.

Review text

This paper deals with orthogonality preserving mappings between inner product spaces and inner product \(C^*\)-modules. Given two real inner product spaces \(X\) and \(Y\), a mapping \(T: X \rightarrow Y\) is orthogonality preserving if for all \(x, y \in X\), \(x \perp y\) implies \(Tx \perp Ty\). Theorem 3.5 lists the following six conditions that are equivalent to the orthogonality preserving condition for a nontrivial linear mapping \(T\): {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] \(T\) is a similarity (i.e., there exists \(\gamma >0\) such that \(\|Tx\|=\gamma \|x\|\) for every \(x \in X\)); \item[(2)] strong orthogonality (\(x \perp y \,\, \Leftrightarrow Tx \perp Ty\)); \item[(3)] \(\|x\|=\|y\| \Rightarrow \|Tx\|= \|Ty\|\); \item[(4)] \(\|x\|= \|y\| \Leftrightarrow \|Tx\|= \|Ty\|\); \item[(5)] \(\|x\|\leq \|y\| \Rightarrow \|Tx\|\leq \|Ty\|\); \item[(6)] \(T\) is injective and \(\frac{\langle Tx, Ty\rangle }{\|Tx\| \|Ty\|} = \frac{\langle x, y\rangle }{\|x\| \|y\|}\). \end{itemize}} The authors also show, for a given \(\theta \in (0, \pi)\) and \(T\) linear and injective, that \(T\) is a similarity provided that \(T\) preserves angles strongly (i.e., \(x \angle_{\theta} y \Leftrightarrow Tx \angle_{\theta} Ty \), where \(\theta \in [0, \pi]\) and \(x \angle_{\theta} y= \cos^{-1} \frac{\langle x, y\rangle}{\|x\| \|y\|}\)) and satisfies the condition if \(\|x\|=\|y\|\) with \(x\angle_{\theta} y\), then \(\|Tx\|=\|Ty\|\) for all \(x, y \in X\). The last section is devoted to orthogonality preserving maps on inner product \(C^*\)-modules. Let \(\mathcal{A}\) denote a \(C^*\)-algebra, let \(\mathcal{E}\) and \(\mathcal{F}\) be inner product \(\mathcal{A}\)-modules. It is shown that each one of the following conditions: (i) \(|x|\leq |y| \Rightarrow |Tx|\leq |Ty|\), or (ii) \(|x|= |y| \Rightarrow |Tx|= |Ty|\), implies that \(T\) preserves orthogonality. The last result gives a characterization for orthogonality preserving in this setting: Let \(\mathcal{E}\) and \(\mathcal{F}\) be inner product \(\mathcal{A}\)-modules with \(\mathcal{A}\) a subalgebra of \(\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{H})\) (\(\mathcal{H}\) is a complex Hilbert space) containing the compact operators. Suppose that \(T: \mathcal{E} \rightarrow \mathcal{F}\) is a nonzero \(\mathcal{A}\)-linear mapping. Then \(T\) is orthogonality preserving if and only if \(|x|\leq |y| \Rightarrow |Tx|\leq |Ty|\) for all \(x,y \in \mathcal{E}\).

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Cites work

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• The general Stone-Weierstrass problem

Cited in

(23)

• Maps which almost preserve angles
• Affinity of angle preserving mappings
• On mappings which approximately preserve angles
• Orthogonality preserving maps and pro-\(C^{*}\)-modules
• Angle-preserving transformations of spheres
• Mappings approximately preserving angles
• \(\mathcal{A}\)-valued norm parallelism in Hilbert \(\mathcal{A}\)-modules
• Approximately orthogonality preserving maps in Krein spaces
• Characterization of real inner product spaces by Hermite-Hadamard type orthogonalities
• Approximately orthogonality preserving mappings on \(C^{*}\)-modules
• The operator-valued parallelism
• Operators preserving sesquilinear form
• On exact and approximate orthogonalities based on norm derivatives
• Another characterization of orthogonality in Hilbert \(C^*\)-modules
• APPROXIMATELY ANGLE PRESERVING MAPPINGS
• Orthogonality Hilbert 𝒜-modules and operators preserving multi-𝒜-linearity
• Orthogonality-preserving, \(C^{*}\)-conformal and conformal module mappings on Hilbert \(C^{*}\)-modules
• A generalized notion of orthogonality preserving mappings on inner product modules
• Some study of the orthogonalities based on double integrals
• Orthogonality of skew type and characterization of inner product spaces
• Note on angle-preserving mappings
• Orthogonality preserving property for pairs of operators on Hilbert C^*-modules
• Unit-circle preserving mappings

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