Approximation by continuous rational maps into spheres

DOI10.4171/JEMS/469MaRDI QIDQ466904zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Wojciech Kucharz

Publication date 31 October 2014

Published in Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.5127

zbMATH Keywords

approximation continuous rational map real algebraic set regular map semi-algebraic map

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Real algebraic sets (14P05) Topology of real algebraic varieties (14P25)

Abstract: Let X be a compact nonsingular real algebraic variety. We prove that if a continuous map from X into the unit p-sphere is homotopic to a continuous rational map, then, under certain assumptions, it can be approximated in the compact-open topology by continuous rational maps. As a byproduct, we also obtain some results on approximation of smooth submanifolds by nonsingular subvarieties.

Review text

The paper is devoted to the approximation of continuous maps of nonsingular compact algebraic sets into a sphere by continuous rational maps.NEWLINENEWLINELet \(X\subset \mathbb{R}^k\) and \(Y\subset \mathbb{R}^l\) be nonsingular algebraic sets and let \(X\) be compact.NEWLINENEWLINEA map \(f:X\to Y\) is said to be \textit{continuous rational} if it is continuous and there exist a Zariski open and dense subset \(U\) of \(X\) and a regular map \(\varphi:U\to Y\) such that \(f|_U=\varphi\). Denote by \(P(f)\) the indeterminacy locus of the rational map from \(X\) into \(Y\) represented by \(\varphi\). It is called the \textit{irregularity locus} of \(f\). Maps with \(f(P(f))\neq Y\) are said to be \textit{nice}.NEWLINENEWLINEThe set of all continuous rational maps from \(X\) to \(Y\) is denoted by \(\mathcal{R}^0(X,Y)\). The space \(\mathcal{C}(X,Y)\) of all continuous maps from \(X\) into \(Y\) is endowed with the compact-open topology. By definition, a continuous map from \(X\) into \(Y\) can be \textit{approximated by continuous rational maps} if it belongs to the closure of \(\mathcal{R}^0(X,Y)\) in \(\mathcal{C}(X,Y)\).NEWLINENEWLINEA continuous map \(h:X\to Y\) is said to be \textit{transverse to a point} \(y\in Y\) if it is smooth in an open neighbourhood \(U\subset X\) of \(h^{-1}(y)\) and the restriction map \(h|_U:U\to Y\) is transverse to \(y\) in the usual sense. If \(h\) is transverse to some point \(y\in Y\) and \(h^{-1}(y)=\text{Reg}(V)\) for some algebraic subset \(V\) of \(X\), then \(h\) is said to be \textit{adapted}. The map \(h:X\to Y\) is said to be \textit{weakly adapted} if there exists a point \(y\in Y\) such that \(h\) is transverse to \(y\) and the submanifold \(h^{-1}(y)\) of \(X\) admits a weak algebraic approximation in \(X\), i.e., each neighbourhood of the inclusion map \(M \hookrightarrow X\) in the space \(\mathcal{C}^{\infty}(h^{-1}(y),X)\) contains a smooth embedding \(e:h^{-1}(y)\to X\) with \(e(h^{-1}(y))=\text{Reg}(V)\) for some algebraic subset \(V\) of \(X\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe main result of this article is the following theorem.NEWLINENEWLINE Theorem 1.2. For a continuous map \(h:X\to \mathbb{S}^p\), where \(\mathbb{S}^p=\{(u_1,\ldots,\) \(u_{p+1})\in\mathbb{R}^{p+1}:u^2_1+\cdots+u^2_{p+1}=1\}\) is the unit sphere, the following conditions are equivalent:NEWLINENEWLINE(a) \(h\) can be approximated by nice continuous rational maps with irregularity locus of dimension at most \(\dim X-p\).NEWLINENEWLINE(b) \(h\) can be approximated by nice continuous rational maps.NEWLINENEWLINE(c) \(h\) can be approximated by adapted continuous maps.NEWLINENEWLINE(d) \(h\) can be approximated by adapted smooth maps.NEWLINENEWLINE(e) \(h\) can be approximated by weakly adapted continuous maps.NEWLINENEWLINE(f) \(h\) can be approximated by weakly adapted smooth maps.NEWLINENEWLINEAs corollaries, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a continuous map to be approximable by continuous rational maps. In particular the author proves Theorem 1.5 asserting that each continuous map between unit spheres can be approximated by continuous rational maps.

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