Approximation by pointwise bounded sets of continuous functions

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2022.108191MaRDI QIDQ2161376zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Juan Carlos Ferrando

Publication date 4 August 2022

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2022.108191

zbMATH Keywords

continuous function space distinguished space

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Function spaces in general topology (54C35) Uniform structures and generalizations (54E15)

Review text

Each space \(X\), in this article, is Tychonoff; \(C(X)\) is the linear space of continuous real-valued functions; \(C_p(X)\) denotes \(C(X)\) with its pointwise convergence topology. Moreover, \(M(X)\) is the bidual of \(C_p(X)\); that is, \(M\) is the set of elements in \(\mathbb{R}^X\) which belong to the closure of some bounded subset of \(C_p(X)\). For an \(f \in \mathbb{R}^X\), \(\mathrm{supp} f\) is the set \(\{x \in X : f(x) \not= 0\}\). Finally, the symbols \(\mathbb{M}\) and \(\mathbb{S}\) represent Michael's line and Sorgenfrey's line, respectively. In this article, the author characterizes the functions \(f \in \mathbb{R}^X\) that belong to \(M(X)\). That is, the author finds necessary and sufficient conditions to approximate a function \(f \in \mathbb{R}^X\) by a pointwise bounded family \(\mathcal{F}\) in \(C(X)\). The main results of this article are: Theorem 1. A function \(f \in \mathbb{R}^X\) belongs to \(M(X)\) if and only if there exists a subset \(Y\) of \(X\), and a family \(\{U_x : x \in Y\}\) of open subsets of \(X\) such that the \(\mathrm{supp}\, f \subseteq Y\) while \(x \in U_x\) and \(f\) is bounded on \(Z_x := \{ y \in Y : y \in U_x\}\) for every \(x \in Y\). Theorem 2. A function \(f \in \mathbb{R}^X\) belongs to \(M(X)\) if and only if there exists a point-finite open covering \(\{U_n : n \in \mathbb{N}\}\) such that \(\{x \in X : n-1 \leq |f(x)| < n\} \subseteq U_n\) for each \(n \in \mathbb{N}\). Theorem 3. \(C(\mathbb{M}) \not\subseteq M(\mathbb{R})\), but \(C(\mathbb{S}) \subseteq M(\mathbb{R})\). Theorem 4. Let \(\tau\) and \(\eta\) be Tychonoff topologies on \(X\). If \((X, \tau)\) is a \(P\)-space with countable extent, then the following statements are equivalent. \begin{itemize} \item[1.] \(C (X, \tau) \subseteq M (X, \eta)\). \item[2.] For each partition \(\{V_n : n \in \mathbb{N}\}\) of \(X\) by \(\tau\)-open sets, there is a point-finite covering \(\{U_n : n \in \mathbb{N}\}\) of \(X\) by \(\eta\)-open sets such that \(V_n \subseteq U_n\) for every \(n \in \mathbb{N}\). \end{itemize}

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