Approximation of integration over finite groups, difference sets and association schemes

Combinatorial aspects of difference sets (number-theoretic, group-theoretic, etc.) (05B10) Association schemes, strongly regular graphs (05E30) Arithmetic and combinatorial problems involving abstract finite groups (20D60) Monte Carlo methods (65C05)

Abstract: Let

G

be a finite group and

f : G o m a t h b b C

be a function. For a non-empty finite subset

Y s u b s e t G

, let

I_{Y} (f)

denote the average of

f

over

Y

. Then,

I_{G} (f)

is the average of

f

over

G

. Using the decomposition of

f

into irreducible components of

{m a t h b b C}^{G}

as a representation of

G i m e s G

, we define non-negative real numbers

V (f)

and

D (Y)

, each depending only on

f

,

Y

, respectively, such that an inequality of the form

| I_{G} (f) - I_{Y} (f) | l e q V (f) c d o t D (Y)

holds. We give a lower bound of

D (Y)

depending only on

and

. We show that the lower bound is achieved if and only if

is independent of the choice of the conjugacy class

[a] s u b s e t G

for

a e q 1

. We call such a

Y s u b s e t G

as a pre-difference set in

G

, since the condition is satisfied if

Y

is a difference set. If

G

is abelian, the condition is equivalent to that

Y

is a difference set. We found a non-trivial pre-difference set in the dihedral group of order 16, where no non-trivial difference set exists. The pre-difference sets in non-abelian groups of order 16 are classified. A generalization to commutative association schemes is also given.

Review text

Let \(G\) be a finite group and \(f : G \rightarrow \mathbb{C}\) be a function. For a non-empty subset \(Y \subseteq G\), let \(I_{Y}( f )=|Y|^{-1}\sum_{y \in Y}f(y)\) be the average of \(f\) over \(Y\). In the paper under review, the authors, using the decomposition of \(f\) into irreducible components of \(\mathbb{C}^{G}\) as a representation of \(G\times G\), define non-negative real numbers \(V (f)\) and \(D(Y)\), each depending only on \(f\) and \(Y\), respectively, such that an inequality of the form \(|I_{G}(f)-I_{Y}(f)| \leq V (f)\cdot D(Y)\) holds. They give a lower bound of \(D(Y)\) depending only on \(|Y|\) and \(|G|\). In particular, if \([a]\) denote the conjugacy class of \(a\) in \(G\), they show hat the lower bound is achieved if and only if \(|[a]|^{-1}\cdot|\{(x,y) \in Y \times Y \mid x^{-1}y \in [a]\}|\) is independent of the choice of \([a]\). The subsets \(Y\) with this property are named by the authors pre-difference sets in \(G\), since the condition is satisfied if \(Y\) is a difference set and, if \(G\) is abelian, the condition is equivalent to that \(Y\) is a difference set. The authors find a non-trivial pre-difference set in the dihedral group of order 16, where no non-trivial difference set exists. Furthermore, the pre-difference sets in non-abelian groups of order 16 are classified.

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