Averages of multiplicative functions along equidistributed sequences
A function \(f : \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}\) is multiplicative if \(f(a b) = f(a) f(b)\) for all \(\gcd(a, b) = 1\). People have been interested in mean values of multiplicative functions. More recently, works were done on mean values of multiplicative functions over values of integer polynomials [\textit{M. Nair} and \textit{G. Tenenbaum}, Acta Math. 180, No. 1, 119--144 (1998; Zbl 0917.11048); \textit{K. Henriot}, Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 152, No. 3, 405--424 (2012; Zbl 1255.11048)], binary forms [\textit{R. de la Bretèche} and \textit{T. D. Browning}, Acta Arith. 125, No. 3, 291--304 (2006; Zbl 1159.11035)], and even principal ideals [\textit{T. D. Browning} and \textit{E. Sofos}, Int. J. Number Theory 15, No. 3, 547--567 (2019; Zbl 1443.11196)]. More generally, \textit{D. Wolke} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 251, 54--67 (1971; Zbl 0234.10030)] worked on mean value of non-negative multiplicative functions over values of an increasing integer sequence \(\{ c_a \}_{a = 1}^{\infty}\): \[ \sum_{a \in \mathbb{N} \cap [1, T]} f(c_a). \] In this article under review, the authors extend Wolke's work to even more versatile settings and obtain a general upper bound. To state the bound, let us introduce some notation. Let \(\mathcal{A}\) be an infinite set and, for each \(T \ge 1\), let \(\chi_T : \mathcal{A} \rightarrow [0, \infty)\) be any function (some sort of counting function) for which \[ \{a \in \mathcal{A} : \chi_T(a) > 0 \} \text{ is finite for every } T \ge 1 \] and \[ \lim_{T \rightarrow \infty} \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} \chi_T(a) = \infty. \] The authors consider the following class of ``general sub-multiplicative functions \(\mathcal{M}(A, \varepsilon, C)\) satisfying \[ f(a b) \le f(a) \min \{ A^{\Omega(n)}, C n^\varepsilon \} \] where \(\Omega(n)\) counts the total number of prime factors of \(n\) with multiplicity. Moreover, one requires the following equidistribution assumption: \[ \mathop{\sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}}}_{c_a \equiv 0 (\bmod{d})} \chi_T(a) = h_T(d) M(T) \biggl[ 1 + O \biggl( \mathop{\prod_{B < p \le M(T)}}_{p \nmid d} (1 - h_T(p))^2 \biggr) \biggr] + O(M(T)^{1-\xi}) \] for \(T \ge 1\) and \(d \le M(T)^\theta\) with \(\max \{\theta, \xi\} < 1\). Here \(h_T(d) \in \mathcal{D}(\kappa, \lambda_1, \lambda_2, B, K)\), some set of multiplicative density functions over some positive real parameters \(\kappa, \lambda_1, \lambda_2, B, K\). The set of density functions \(\mathcal{D}\) satisfy the following sieve-like requirements: \[ \mathop{\prod_{p \text{ prime}}}_{w \le p < z} (1 - h(p))^{-1} \le \Bigl( \frac{\log z}{\log w} \Bigr)^\kappa \Bigl(1 + \frac{K}{\log w} \Bigr), \] \[ h(p^e) \le \frac{B}{p} \; \text{ for } p > B, \; \; \text{ and } \; \; h(p^e) \le p^{-e \lambda_1 + \lambda_2}. \] The main result (omitting some technical details) is the following upper bound: \[ \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} \chi_T(a) f(c_a) \ll M \prod_{B < p \le M} (1 - h_T(p)) \sum_{a \le M} f(a) h_T(a). \] Its method of proof builds on works of \textit{D. Wolke} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 251, 54--67 (1971; Zbl 0234.10030)] and \textit{P. Shiu} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 313, 161--170 (1980; Zbl 0412.10030)] by breaking into four cases, depending on the smoothness of certain factorization and potential divisibility by a large prime power. Careful estimations are done through establishing progressively more refined and related lemmas. Rankin's trick and the fundamental lemma of sieve theory are applied. A matching lower bound is also established when \(f\) is not too close to \(0\). As a concrete corollary, the authors prove that, for any irreducible polynomial \(Q(x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n) \in \mathbb{Z}[x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n]\) and \(T \ge 2\), there exist constants \(C_1, C_2 > 0\) depending on \(Q\) and \(n\) such that \[ C_1 T^n \log T \le \mathop{\sum_{\textbf{x} \in \mathbb{Z}^n, |x_i| \le T}}_{Q(\textbf{x}) \neq 0} \tau( |Q(\textbf{x})| ) \le C_2 T^n \log T \] where \(\tau\) is the divisor function.
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