Braid groups are linear

DOI10.2307/3062152MaRDI QIDQ5915536zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Daan Krammer

Publication date 2 July 2003

Published in Annals of Mathematics. Second Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0405198

zbMATH Keywords

braid groupsBurau representationfaithful representationslinear groups

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Ordinary representations and characters (20C15) Braid groups; Artin groups (20F36) Topological methods in group theory (57M07)

Abstract: In a previous work [11], the author considered a representation of the braid group ho: B_n o GL_m(Bbb Z[q^{pm 1},t^{pm 1}]) (m=n(n-1)/2), and proved it to be faithful for n=4. Bigelow [3] then proved the same representation to be faithful for all n by a beautiful topological argument. The present paper gives a different proof of the faithfulness for all n. We establish a relation between the Charney length in the braid group and exponents of t. A certain B_n-invariant subset of the module is constructed whose properties resemble those of convex cones. We relate line segments in this set with the Thurston normal form of a braid.

Review text

The question of whether the braid groups \(B_n\) (\(n\geq 2\)) are linear is an old one. The most famous representation, the so-called Burau representation, was shown by \textit{J. A. Moody} not to be faithful for \(n\geq 9\) [Bull. Am. Math. Soc., New Ser. 25, No. 2, 379-384 (1991; Zbl 0751.57005)]. It is now known that the Burau representation is faithful for \(n\leq 3\) and unfaithful for \(n\geq 5\) (the case \(n=4\) is still unsettled). In a previous paper [Invent. Math. 142, No. 3, 451-486 (2000; Zbl 0988.20023)], the author defined another representation \(\rho\colon B_n\to\text{GL}(V)\), where \(V\) is a free module of rank \(n(n-1)/2\) over a ring \(R\), and proved that it is faithful for \(n=4\). \textit{S. J. Bigelow} [J. Am. Math. Soc. 14, No. 2, 471-486 (2001; Zbl 0988.20021)] showed, using a topological argument, that \(\rho\) is faithful for all \(n\). In the present paper, the author exploits combinatorial properties of the action of \(B_n\) on \(\text{GL}(V)\) to give a completely different proof that \(\rho\) is faithful, and hence that all braid groups are linear.

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