CATEGORIES AS ALGEBRA, II

Varieties (08B99) Definitions and generalizations in theory of categories (18A05) Graphs, diagram schemes, precategories (18A10) Adjoint functors (universal constructions, reflective subcategories, Kan extensions, etc.) (18A40) Varieties and pseudovarieties of semigroups (20M07) Semigroups in automata theory, linguistics, etc. (20M35)

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The paper studies algebraic properties of semidirect products for varieties and pseudovarieties of categories generalizing varieties and pseudovarieties of algebras. It continues papers by \textit{B. Tilson} [part I, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 48, 83--198 (1987; Zbl 0627.20031)] and \textit{W. R. Nico} [Houston J. Math. 9, 71--99 (1983; Zbl 0516.18002)]. This paper has three parts. The first part generalizes the Nico's adjunction. He proved that a semidirect product \((-\rtimes N):\text{Cat}^{\mathbb{N}^{op}}\to \text{Cat}\downarrow \mathbb{N}\) (this is also known as the Grothendieck construction or the crossed product) has a left adjoint \(\text{Der}:\text{Cat}\downarrow \mathbb{N}\to\text{Cat}^{\mathbb{N}^{op}}\). This part enlarges the domains of functors by adding relational morphisms. This enlargement enables to describe division but it weakens the Nico's adjunction that losts the uniqueness of solutions. For a functor \(\phi :M\to N\), categories \(\text{Der}(\phi )\) and \(D(\phi )\) are defined (\(D(\phi )\) is a quotient of \(\text{Der}(\phi )\)) and the main result of the first part says that if \(\phi :M\to N\) is a relational morphism, then there exists a division \(\eta :M\to D(\phi )\rtimes N\) with \(\phi =\pi\circ\eta\) for the projection \(\pi\). A modification of the opposite implication is also proved. The second part is devoted to varieties of categories (this is a class of small categories closed under products and divisions). For varieties \(\mathcal V\) and \(\mathcal W\) of categories, let \(\mathcal V*\mathcal W\) be the least variety of categories containing \(\{K\rtimes N\mid K\in \mathcal V\), \(N\in \mathcal W\}\) and let \(\mathcal V_{ \mathcal D}\) be the class of all morphisms \(\varphi\) with \(D(\phi )\in \mathcal V\). The aim of the second part is to prove that \(g1_{\mathcal D}\mathcal V_{\mathcal D}=\mathcal V_{ \mathcal D}=\mathcal V_{\mathcal D}g1_{\mathcal D}\) and \(\mathcal V_{\mathcal D}\mathcal W_{\mathcal D}=(\mathcal V*\mathcal W)_{\mathcal D}\) for all varieties \( \mathcal V\) and \(\mathcal W\) of categories (\(g1\) is the least variety of categories). Hence \(*\) is an associative operation and \(g1\) is a neutral element of \(*\). The last part derives analogous results for pseudovarieties of categories (this is a class of finite categories closed under finite products and divisions). Also a relation between varieties and pseudovarieties of monoids and varieties and pseudovarieties of categories is investigated. For a variety \(\mathcal V\) of monoids, let \(g\mathcal V\) be the least variety of categories containing any monoid from \(\mathcal V\) as a one-object category. As a consequence of the presented results we obtain for example that a monoid \(M\) belongs to the variety \(\mathcal V*\mathcal W\) if and only if there exists a relational morphism \(\phi :M\to N\) with \(D(\phi )\in \mathcal V\) and \(N\in \mathcal W\), or that \(g\mathcal V*g\mathcal W=g(\mathcal V*\mathcal W)\). The results are illustrated by many examples.

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