Character sums with exponential functions
Let \(p\) be a prime and \(\vartheta\) an integer of multiplicative order \(t\geq 1\) modulo \(p\). Refining the method of \textit{J. Friedlander} and \textit{I. Shparlinski} [On the distribution of the power generator, Math. Comput. 70, 1575-1589 (2001; Zbl 1029.11042)] the authors prove several new bounds on a wide class of character sums, including the sums \[ S_n(p,t,a):=\sum_{x=1}^t \exp(2\pi i a \vartheta^{x^n}/p),\qquad S_n^*(p,t,a):=\sum_{\substack{ x=1\\ \gcd(x,t)=1}}^t \exp(2\pi i a \vartheta^{x^n}/p), \] for an integer \(n\geq 1\), and \[ U_e(p,t,T,a):=\sum_{x=1}^T \text{ exp}(2\pi i a \vartheta^{e^x}/p), \] for an integer \(e\), where \(T\) is the period of the sequence \(e^x\) modulo \(t\). In particular, the new bounds improve results of \textit{J. Friedlander, D. Lieman} and \textit{I. Shparlinski} [Springer Series in Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, 205-212 (1999; Zbl 1013.11047)], \textit{J. Friedlander} and \textit{I. Shparlinski} (loc. cit.), and \textit{D. Lieman} and \textit{I. Shparlinski} [On a new exponential sum, Can. Math. Bull. 44, 87-92 (2001; Zbl 0987.11051)]. The above character sums are motivated by some applications to cryptography: results about the distribution of Diffie-Hellman keys and of the power generator. Reviewer's remark. The bounds of \textit{S. Konyagin} and \textit{I. Shparlinski} [Character sums with exponential functions and their applications. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. 136, Cambridge University Press (1999; Zbl 0933.11001)], Theorem 3.4, (see also \textit{D. R. Heath-Brown} and \textit{S. Konyagin} [Q. J. Math. 51, 221-235 (2000; Zbl 0983.11052)]) on \(S_1(p,t,a)\) are nontrivial for any \(t\geq p^{1/3+\varepsilon}\). Very recently \textit{S. Konyagin} [Bounds of exponential sums over subgroups and Gauss sums, Preprint (2002) (in Russian)] obtained bounds which are nontrivial for any \(t\geq p^{1/4+\varepsilon}\).
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- Exponential sums with Dickson polynomials
- Cancellation in a short exponential sum
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