Polynomial Gauss sums
Let \(p\) be a prime number, \(\theta\) be a nonzero element of the finite field \(\mathbb F_p\) of multiplicative order \(t \geq 1\), and let \(\mathcal Z = \{z_1, z_2, \dots, z_T\}\) be a sequence of elements of \(\mathbb Z / t\mathbb Z\). Given two polynomials \(f(X), g(X) \in \mathbb F_p[X]\), an additive character \(\psi\) of \(\mathbb F_p\), and a multiplicative character \(\chi\) of \(\mathbb F_p^*\), define the generalized incomplete Gaussian sum \[ S_{\mathcal Z}(\chi, \psi; f, g) = \sum_{z \in \mathcal Z} \chi(f(\theta^z)) \psi( g( \theta^z )). \] In this paper, the authors use elementary arguments and the Weil bound for complete Gaussian sums over \(\mathbb F_p\) to obtain estimates for \(S_{\mathcal Z}(\chi, \psi; f, g)\). In the main result, \(\mathcal Z\) is a {\(\mathcal K\)-invariant} sequence with respect to some set \(\mathcal K\) of reduced residue classes in \(\mathbb Z/t\mathbb Z\) (i.e., for each \(k \in \mathcal K\), the sequence \(k\mathcal Z\) is a permutation of \(\mathcal Z\)), and \(\chi, \psi, f, g\) satisfy one of the following conditions: \(\chi\) is non-trivial of order \(s\) and \(f(X)\) is not the \(s\)th power of a rational function in \(\bar{\mathbb F}_p(X)\); or \(\psi\) is non-trivial and \(g(X)\) is non-constant over \(\mathbb F_p\). Under these assumptions, the main theorem of the paper provides a series of upper bounds for \(S_{\mathcal Z}(\chi, \psi; f, g)\), which are non-trivial when \(t \geq p^{1/2 + \varepsilon}\).
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