Characterization of centers by their complex separatrices
Explicit solutions, first integrals of ordinary differential equations (34A05) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Invariant manifolds for ordinary differential equations (34C45)
The article proposes a method for solving the problem of distinguishing between a center and a focus, applicable to all types of monodromic singular points on the plane. Using the Camacho-Sad theorem, it is proved that for any real analytic planar vector field with a monodromic singular point, there exists an analytic invariant curve passing through this point. This curve is represented as the product of two complex-conjugate separatrices obtained through the complexification of the vector field. Using weighted polar blow-up, its cofactor \(\hat{K}(\varphi, \rho)\) is computed. It is shown that if the cofactor is sign-definite in a neighborhood of the singular point, then it is a focus. It is also proved that a singular point is a center if and only if the principal value of the integral \(\int_{\hat{\gamma}{\rho_0}} \hat{K}\) is identically zero for all sufficiently small \(\rho_0 > 0\). Here, \(\hat{\gamma}{\rho_0}\) is the trajectory arc from \(\varphi=0\) to \(\varphi=2\pi\), passing through the initial point \((\varphi_0, \rho_0)\). The method of computing the cofactor using Puiseux series is proposed. Its validity is confirmed on well-known examples. Additionally, previously unknown cases of monodromic singular points are presented, for which their type is determined using this method.
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