scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1508543
Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to algebraic geometry (14-02) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to ordinary differential equations (34-02) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to partial differential equations (35-02) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to numerical analysis (65-02)
Power geometry is a new calculus developing the differential calculus and aimed at nonlinear problems. Its main concept consists in the study of nonlinear problems not in the original coordinates, but in the logarithms of these coordinates. Many problems in mechanics, physics, biology, economics and other sciences are reduced to nonlinear equations or to systems of such equations. The equations may be algebraic, ordinary differential or partial differential; and systems may comprise the equations of one type, but may include equations of different types. This book contains the more advanced presentation for all types of equations. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated on some complicated problems from various fields of science (robotics, celestial mechanics, hydrodynamics, thermodynamics). The book contains 8 chapters. Chapter 1 gives some information in the theory of linear inequalities in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) along with their geometric interpretation, which is necessary for the analysis of nonlinear problems in other chapters. Algorithms for the resolution of systems of linear inequalities are set forth, as well as their modifications for purposes of power geometry, and corresponding computer programs are described. Problems with finite or infinite set \(S\) are considered, along with problems described by a single equation or by a system of equations. The necessary material in the theory of linear transformations is given as well. Chapter 2 deals with truncations and power transformations of a single algebraic equation and of systems of such equations. Methods of successive resolving of a singularity, which allow to find all branches of the algebraic manifold near the singularity and at infinity, are cited. This approach is particularly advanced for algebraic curves. Problems of robotics are considered. Chapter 3 deals with systems of ordinary differential equations. An algorithm is designed for them, which allows to find asymptotics of solutions tending to a stationary point or to infinity. In addition, along with truncations and power transformations, logarithmic transformations of coordinates are introduced, which allow to find asymptotics of solutions with multiple logarithms of coordinates. It is shown, that with the help of generalized power transformations many systems that are common in applications may be simplified. Chapter 4 deals with a Hamiltonian system of ordinary differential equations with \(m\) degrees of freedom near the origin or near infinity. It is supposed that the Hamiltonian function is a polynomial or a Laurent series. Truncated systems of such a Hamiltonian system are studied. It is shown, that not all truncated systems are Hamiltonian ones. An algorithm allowing to find all truncated systems, which are Hamiltonian ones, is suggested. Problems of celestial mechanics are considered. In Chapter 5, the solutions to a reversible four-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations with two small parameters are studied near the stationary point. The system appeared in the problem of surface water waves after its reduction on the center manifold. The basic first approximation to the system is singled out using the Newton polyhedron. Then the number of its parameters is reduced to one by a power transformation. The resulting system is studied near the stationary point with the help of the normal form for all values of the parameter. A theory of structure of the normal form is developed for the resonant case with pure imaginary eigenvalues. By a power transformation of the normal form and by an isolation of the first approximations to the resulting system, new local families of periodic solutions and of quasi-periodic solutions are found. The results are applied to an initial hydrodynamical problem. In Chapter 6, the technique of truncations and power transformations is generalized on arbitrary differential equations (ordinary and partial), and also on systems of arbitrary equations including mixed systems of algebraic and differential equations. It is shown how to find asymptotics of their solutions. In section 6, with the help of this approach a strict substantiation of the boundary layer theory is given for the problem of the flow around a flat plate. Previously the mechanical and physical heuristics were used for the purpose. In Chapter 7, a quasi-homogeneous partial differential equation without parameters is considered. It is shown how to find all its quasi-homogeneous (self-similar) solutions by the support of the equation with the help of linear algebra computations. Simplifications of such an equation are studied with the help of power and logarithmic transformations. It is shown that this transformations allow to reduce the order of the quasi-homogeneous ordinary differential equation, and that for such an equation the boundary value problems may be simplified. Generalizations of these results for a quasi-homogeneous system of differential equations are formulated. In examples, equations of the combustion process without a source and with a source are considered. In the concluding Chapter 8, the present state of power geometry is summed up. A classification of the complexity levels of problems of power geometry is proposed. The classification consist of four levels, and it is based on the complexity of the geometric objects corresponding to a problem in the space of power exponents. It is also given a comparative survey of these objects, and the methods of analysis of solutions to systems of algebraic equations, to systems of ordinary differential equations, and to systems of partial differential equations, is based on them. All chapters are fairly independent from each other, and one can read them in any order. The theory and algorithms developed in the book should be considered only as the first steps on the way of using the concepts of power geometry. As to expounding material, the book classifies as something between a textbook and a monograph, because its statements and proofs are substantiated by a large number of examples and figures.
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