Charge quantization from a number operator

DOI10.1016/J.PHYSLETB.2015.01.023MaRDI QIDQ315901zbMATHOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Cohl Furey

Publication date 26 September 2016

Published in Physics Letters B (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.04078

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Symmetry breaking in quantum theory (81R40) General quantum mechanics and problems of quantization (81S99)

Abstract: We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally plays the role of a vacuum state. Using the ladder operators which exist within the system, we build a number operator in the usual way. It turns out that this number operator, divided by 3, mirrors the behaviour of electric charge. As a result, we see that electric charge is quantized because number operators can only take on integer values. Finally, we show that a simple hermitian form, built from these ladder operators, results uniquely in the nine generators of $SU(3{)}_c$ and $U(1{)}_{em}$. This gives a direct route to the two unbroken gauge symmetries of the standard model.

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Cited in

(21)

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• Using raising and lowering operators from geometric algebra for electroweak theory in particle physics
• Left-right symmetric fermions and sterile neutrinos from complex split biquaternions and bioctonions
• Clifford residues and charge quantization
• Some recent results for SU(3) and octonions within the geometric algebra approach to the fundamental forces of nature
• Three generations, two unbroken gauge symmetries, and one eight-dimensional algebra
• Unification mechanism for gauge and spacetime symmetries
• On Jordan-Clifford algebras, three fermion generations with Higgs fields and a \(\mathrm{SU}(3) \times \mathrm{SU}(2)_L \times \mathrm{SU}(2)_R \times \mathrm{U}(1)\) model
• A demonstration that electroweak theory can violate parity automatically (leptonic case)
• Noncommutative probability and multiplicative cascades
• Division algebraic symmetry breaking
• Octonionic Clifford algebra for the internal space of the standard model
• ELECTRIC CHARGE QUANTIZATION IN SU(3)_C ⊗ SU(3)_L ⊗ U(1)_X MODELS
• One generation of standard model Weyl representations as a single copy of \(\mathbb{R} \otimes \mathbb{C} \otimes \mathbb{H} \otimes \mathbb{O}\)
• About electrodynamics, standard model and the quantization of the electrical charge
• Leptons, quarks, and gauge from the complex Clifford algebra \(\mathbb {C}\ell _6\)
• Gauge theory on fiber bundle of hypercomplex algebras
• The Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann legacy in mathematical relativity II. Quantum laws of motion for singularities of spacetime
• The unified standard model

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