Commutative algebras with one-dimensional square

This paper presents a complete structural classification of commutative (not necessarily associative) algebras over a field \(K\) whose square \(A^2\) is one-dimensional. Both the finite-dimensional and the countable-dimensional cases are treated, and all possible algebraic types are explicitly identified.\N\NA key result is that any commutative algebra \(A\) with \(\dim(A^2) = 1\) admits a decomposition\N\[ \NA \cong \Omega \times V,\N\] \Nwhere \(\Omega = \operatorname{Ann}(A)\) and \(V\) is a nondegenerate inner product space. The multiplication is given by\N\[ \N(z_{1},v_{1})(z_{2},v_{2}) = \langle v_{1},v_{2} \rangle (a_{0},a_{1}),\N\] \Nfor a fixed pair \((a_{0},a_{1})\), thereby parametrizing all such algebras by quadruples \((\Omega, V, a_{0}, a_{1})\).\N\NTheorem~3.9 shows that every finite-dimensional commutative algebra with \(\dim(A^{2}) = 1\) lies in exactly one of the following classes:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[1.] associative and nilpotent of index \(3\);\N\item[2.] an evolution algebra;\N\item[3.] in characteristic \(2\), an algebra whose associated inner product space \(V\) is an orthogonal sum of hyperbolic planes.\N\end{itemize}\NIf, in addition, \(\operatorname{Ann}(A)=0\), then only two possibilities remain:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[1.] \(A\) is an evolution algebra with some element \(x\) satisfying \(x^{2}\neq 0\); or\N\item[2.] every element satisfies \(x^{2}=0\), in which case \(A \cong A_{n}(K)\) (characteristic \(2\)).\N\end{itemize}\N\NSection~4 addresses the isomorphism problem for evolution algebras \(A\) with \(\dim(A^{2}) = 1\). If \((A^{2})^{2} \neq 0\), then the algebra is fully determined by its canonical inner product and by the unique idempotent \(e\). If \((A^{2})^{2} = 0\), then \(A\) is completely determined by \(\dim(\operatorname{Ann}(A))\) together with the isometry class of a certain pointed subspace complementary to \(\operatorname{Ann}(A)\).

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