Derivations and loops of some evolution algebras

Graphs and abstract algebra (groups, rings, fields, etc.) (05C25) Real and complex fields (12D99) Automorphisms, derivations, other operators (nonassociative rings and algebras) (17A36) Genetic algebras (17D92)

Abstract: In this work we study the space of derivations of non-degenerate evolution algebras. We improve some results obtained recently in the literature and, as a consequence, we advance in the description of the derivations for

n

-dimensional Volterra evolution algebras. In addition, we introduce the notion of loop of an evolution algebra and we analyze under which conditions the set of loops is invariant under change of basis.

Review text

In this work, the authors study the space of derivations of some evolution algebras. Evolution algebras are non-associative algebras introduced first by \textit{I. M. H. Etherington} in order to model self-fertilization [Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Sect. B, Biol. 61, 24--42 (1941; Zbl 0063.01290), p. 34] and later under this name by \textit{J. P. Tian} [Evolution algebras and their applications. Berlin: Springer (2008; Zbl 1136.17001)] to model non-mendelian genetics. In this paper, the evolution algebras considered are \(n\)-dimensional algebras \(\mathcal{A}\) over a field \(\mathbb{K}\), \(\operatorname{char}\left(K\right)=0\) which has a basis \(B=\left\{ e_{i}\right\} _{i\in\Lambda}\) where \(\Lambda=\left\{ 1,\ldots,n\right\} \) known as natural basis, such that \(e_{i}^{2}=\sum_{k\in\Lambda}\omega_{ik}e_{k}\) and \(e_{i}e_{j}=0\) for every \(i,j\in\Lambda\), \(i\neq j\). The matrix \(M_{B}=\left(\omega_{ij}\right)\) of structure constants is called the structure matrix of \(\mathcal{A}\) relative to \(B\). An evolution algebra \(\mathcal{A}\) is said non-degenerate if it admits a natural basis such that \(e_{i}^{2}\neq0\) for all \(i\in\Lambda\), and \(\mathcal{A}\) is a Volterra evolution algebra if there exists a natural basis \(B\) such that the matrix \(M_{B}\) is skew-symmetric.\medskip{} In this paper the authors give necessary and sufficient conditions so that a linear operator \(d:\mathcal{A}\rightarrow\mathcal{A}\) is a derivation for the two cases where the evolution algebra \(\mathcal{A}\) is non-degenerate or Volterra, from this they deduce numerous corollaries and propositions. They conclude their paper by defining the notion of loop and studying its properties. Given a natural basis \(B\) of \(\mathcal{A}\), an element \(e_{i}\in B\) is said a loop relative to the basis \(B\) if in \(M_{B}\) the structure constant \(\omega_{ii}\) verify \(\omega_{ii}\ne 0\).

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