Derivations and loops of some evolution algebras (Q6100712)

In this work, the authors study the space of derivations of some evolution algebras. Evolution algebras are non-associative algebras introduced first by \textit{I. M. H. Etherington} in order to model self-fertilization [Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Sect. B, Biol. 61, 24--42 (1941; Zbl 0063.01290), p. 34] and later under this name by \textit{J. P. Tian} [Evolution algebras and their applications. Berlin: Springer (2008; Zbl 1136.17001)] to model non-mendelian genetics. In this paper, the evolution algebras considered are \(n\)-dimensional algebras \(\mathcal{A}\) over a field \(\mathbb{K}\), \(\operatorname{char}\left(K\right)=0\) which has a basis \(B=\left\{ e_{i}\right\} _{i\in\Lambda}\) where \(\Lambda=\left\{ 1,\ldots,n\right\} \) known as natural basis, such that \(e_{i}^{2}=\sum_{k\in\Lambda}\omega_{ik}e_{k}\) and \(e_{i}e_{j}=0\) for every \(i,j\in\Lambda\), \(i\neq j\). The matrix \(M_{B}=\left(\omega_{ij}\right)\) of structure constants is called the structure matrix of \(\mathcal{A}\) relative to \(B\). An evolution algebra \(\mathcal{A}\) is said non-degenerate if it admits a natural basis such that \(e_{i}^{2}\neq0\) for all \(i\in\Lambda\), and \(\mathcal{A}\) is a Volterra evolution algebra if there exists a natural basis \(B\) such that the matrix \(M_{B}\) is skew-symmetric.\medskip{} In this paper the authors give necessary and sufficient conditions so that a linear operator \(d:\mathcal{A}\rightarrow\mathcal{A}\) is a derivation for the two cases where the evolution algebra \(\mathcal{A}\) is non-degenerate or Volterra, from this they deduce numerous corollaries and propositions. They conclude their paper by defining the notion of loop and studying its properties. Given a natural basis \(B\) of \(\mathcal{A}\), an element \(e_{i}\in B\) is said a loop relative to the basis \(B\) if in \(M_{B}\) the structure constant \(\omega_{ii}\) verify \(\omega_{ii}\ne 0\).