Natural families in evolution algebras (Q2075304)

An \(n\)-dimensional algebra \(A\) is an evolution algebra if there exists a basis \(\{e_1,\ldots,e_n\}\) of the algebra such that \(e_ie_j=0\), whenever \(i\neq j\). This basis is called a natural basis of the evolution algebra. The evolution algebra \(A\) is non-degenerate if it has a natural basis \(B\) such that \(v^2\neq 0\), for all \(v\in B\). Moreover, if all the natural bases of \(A\) are equal up to permutation or multiplication by a scalar of their basis vectors, then \(A\) is said to have a unique natural basis. Finally, a set of pairwise orthogonal and linearly independent vectors of \(A\) is an extended natural family if it can be extended to a natural basis of the algebra. If the set is formed by only one vector, then it is called a natural vector of \(A\). In this paper, the authors characterize those evolution algebras having a unique natural basis, and also those vectors of an evolution algebra that are natural. Let \(E\) be the subspace generated by an extended natural family of \(A\). The dimension of \(E^2\) constitutes the evolution rank of \(E\). It is proved that \(A\) can be decomposed into its annihilator and extending evolution subspaces having evolution rank one. This decomposition is unique, whenever \(A\) is non-degenerate. This fact is used by the authors to prove that every family of natural and orthogonal vectors can be extended to a natural basis. Furthermore, an ideal of the evolution algebra \(A\) is basic if the former has a natural basis that can be extended to a natural basis of the latter. It is proved that, if \(A^2=A\), then every ideal of \(A\) is basic. Finally, it is defined the adjoint evolution algebra \(A^*_B\) of \(A\) relative to a natural basis \(B\) as the evolution algebra that results after transposing the structure matrix of \(A\) with respect to \(B\). The authors study some properties concerning nilpotency and simplicity that \(A^*_B\) inherits from \(A\). They also establish how the adjoint evolution algebra \(A^*_B\) is related to the decomposition of \(A\) when considering persistent and transient elements in the natural basis \(B\).