Commuting probability for approximate subgroups of a finite group
Let \(G\) be a finite group and \(K\) a positive real number. A subset \(A \subseteq G\) is said to be a \(K\)-approximate subgroup of \(G\) if \(A\) contains \(1\) and the inverse of each of its elements and if there exists \(E \subseteq G\) with \(|E| \leq K\) such that \(A^{2} \subseteq EA\). \textit{E. Breuillard} et al. [Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 116, 115--221 (2012; Zbl 1260.20062)] essentially described the structure of finite approximate subgroups.\N\NBelow, the reviewer reports the authors' abstract:\N\N``For subsets \(X\), \(Y\) of a finite group \(G\), we write \(\operatorname{Pr}(X,Y)\) for the probability that two random elements \(x\in X\) and \(y \in Y\) commute. This paper addresses the relation between the structure of an approximate subgroup \(A \subseteq G\) and the probabilities \(\operatorname{Pr}(A,G)\) and \(\operatorname{Pr}(A,A)\). The following results are obtained.\N\NTheorem 1.1: Let \(A\) be a \(K\)-approximate subgroup of a finite group \(G\), and let \(\operatorname{Pr}(A, G) \geq \epsilon > 0\). There are two \((\epsilon, K)\)-bounded positive numbers \(\gamma\) and \(K_{0}\) such that \(G\) contains a normal subgroup \(T\) and a \(K_{0}\)-approximate subgroup \(B\) such that \(|A \cap B| \geq \gamma \max \{|A|,|B| \}\) while the index \([G :T]\) and the order of the commutator subgroup \([T,\langle B \rangle]\) are \((\epsilon,K)\)-bounded.\N\NTheorem 1.2: Let \(A\) be a \(K\)-approximate subgroup of a finite group \(G\), and let \(\operatorname{Pr}(A,A) \geq \epsilon > 0\). There are two \((\epsilon,K)\)-bounded positive numbers \(\gamma\) and \(s\) and a subgroup \(C \leq G\) such that \(|C \cap A^{2}| > \gamma |A|\) and \(|C'| \leq s\). In particular, \(A\) is contained in the union of at most \(\gamma^{-1}K^{2}\) left cosets of the subgroup \(C\).\N\NIt is also shown that the above results admit approximate converses.
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