Compactness-like properties and compact sections
For a metrizable space \(Y\), let \({\mathcal F}(Y)\) and \({\mathcal C}(Y)\) denote the set of all nonempty closed subsets of \(Y\) and that of all nonempty compact subsets of \(Y\), respectively. A mapping \(\varphi : X \to {\mathcal F}(Y)\) is said to be lower semicontinuous (respectively, upper semicontinuous) if for every open (respectively, closed) subset \(A\) of \(Y\), the set \(\varphi ^{-1} [A] =\{ x \in X: \varphi(x) \cap A \neq \varnothing\}\) is open (respectively, closed) in \(X\). Applying Michael's compact-valued selection theorem, \textit{E. Michael} [Duke Math.\ J.\ 26, 647--651 (1959; Zbl 0151.30805)], the author observes that a Hausdorff space is compact if and only if for every completely metrizable space \(Y\) and every lower semicontinuous mapping \(\Phi :X \to {\mathcal F}(Y)\), there exists a compact subset \(K\) of \(Y\) such that \(X=\Phi ^{-1}[K]\). The main purpose of this paper is to characterize countable compactness and pseudocompactness in similar ways. For a metrizable space \(Y\), let \({\mathcal L}(Y)\) denote the set of all closed Lindelöf subsets of \(Y\). The author proves the following theorems: A Hausdorff space \(X\) is countably compact if and only if for every completely metrizable space \(Y\) and every lower semicontinuous mapping \(\Phi :X \to {\mathcal L}(Y)\), there exists a compact subset \(K\) of \(Y\) such that \(X=\Phi ^{-1}[K]\); a regular space \(X\) is countably compact if and only if for every completely metrizable space \(Y\) and every lower semicontinuous mapping \(\Phi :X \to {\mathcal C}(Y)\), there exists a compact subset \(K\) of \(Y\) such that \(X=\Phi ^{-1}[K]\); and a Tychonoff space \(X\) is pseudocompact if and only if for every completely metrizable space \(Y\) and every lower semicontinuous mapping \(\Phi :X \to {\mathcal C}(Y)\), there exists a compact subset \(K\) of \(Y\) such that \(\Phi ^{-1}[K]\) is dense in \(X\).
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