Confluence of singular points and nonlinear Stokes phenomenon
Ecalle-Voronin moduliMartinet-Ramis invariantnondegenerate singular pointnonlinear Stokes phenomenonorbital analytic classificationsaddle node
Moduli and deformations for ordinary differential equations (e.g., Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation) (32G34) Singularities, monodromy and local behavior of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain, normal forms (34M35) Stokes phenomena and connection problems (linear and nonlinear) for ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M40) Dynamical aspects of holomorphic foliations and vector fields (37F75)
The author studies a two-dimensional holomorphic vector field with an elementary degenerate singular point (saddle node) NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\dot{z}=z+O(|z|^2+|t|^{k+1}),\quad \dot{t}=t^{k+1}. \tag \(*\) NEWLINE\]NEWLINE There exists a formal (and in general divergent) power series \(\widehat{H}(z,t)\) such that the change \((z,t)\mapsto (y=\widehat{H}(z,t),t)\) brings system \((*)\) to its formal normal form NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\dot{y}=(1+\lambda t^k)y, \quad \dot{t}=t^{k+1}, \tag \(**\) NEWLINE\]NEWLINE which has a canonical first integral \(I(y,t)=yt^{-\lambda }\exp (1/kt^k)\). One can bring system \((*)\) to its normal form \((**)\) by holomorphic transformations in domains of the form \(U\times S\), where \(U\) is a neighbourhood of the origin on the \(z\)-line and \(S\) is a sector on the \(t\)-line centered at the origin. There exists a covering of a neighbourhood of the origin on the \(t\)-line by \(2k\) such sectors \(S_j\) and the corresponding holomorphic transformations \(H_j\) have the same Taylor series at \(0\) as \(\widehat{H}\) but it is impossible to glue them together into a transformation holomorphic at the origin of \(\mathbb{C}\times \mathbb{C}\). This is the nonlinear Stokes phenomenon. The impossibility is due to the Martinet-Ramis invariant (MRI), an obstruction arising from the orbital analytic classification of such vector fields. To define it set \(I_j=I\circ H_j\) and \(I_{j+1}=\varphi _j\circ I_j\). The MRI is the equivalence class of the system of functions \(\varphi _j\) w.r.t. cyclic shifts of the indices and transformations \(\varphi _j(t)\mapsto c\varphi _j(t/c)\) where \(c\in \mathbb{C}^*\) is independent of \(j\). For a generic deformation \((D*)\) of \((*)\) in which the singularity at \(0\) splits into nondegenerate linearizable singularities of \((D*)\), the MRI of \((*)\) is expressed as limit transition functions between the linearizing charts of the singularities of \((D*)\). It is proved that appropriate branches of the canonical first integrals of \((D*)\) converge to the sectorial canonical integrals of \((*)\). Similar assertions are proved for one-dimensional conformal maps having a fixed point with derivative \(1\) and for the Ecalle-Voronin moduli of their analytic classification, as well as for central manifolds of a multi-dimensional saddle node.
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