Core-EP decomposition of finite potent endomorphisms and applications
Algebraic aspects of posets (06A11) Automorphisms and endomorphisms of algebraic structures (08A35) Vector spaces, linear dependence, rank, lineability (15A03) Theory of matrix inversion and generalized inverses (15A09) Hilbert and pre-Hilbert spaces: geometry and topology (including spaces with semidefinite inner product) (46C05) Hilbert subspaces (= operator ranges); complementation (Aronszajn, de Branges, etc.) (46C07) Operator spaces and completely bounded maps (46L07)
This paper generalizes the core-EP decomposition, core-EP inverse, and core-EP order from complex matrices to finite potent endomorphisms on arbitrary Hilbert spaces and vector spaces with inner products. The work extends finite-dimensional matrix theory to infinite-dimensional settings while addressing complications arising from the fact that finite potent endomorphisms do not form an ideal.\N\NIn 2010, \textit{O. M. Baksalary} and \textit{G. Trenkler} [Linear Multilinear Algebra 58, No. 5--6, 681--697 (2010; Zbl 1202.15009)] introduced the core inverse for matrices with \(i(A) \le 1\) as the unique matrix \(X\) satisfying: \N\[\NA \cdot X = P_{\mathcal{R}(A)} \quad \text{and} \quad \mathcal{R}(X) \subseteq \mathcal{R}(A), \N\] \Nwhere \(P_{\mathcal{R}(A)}\) is the orthogonal projection onto the range space of \(A\).\N\NFor matrices of arbitrary index, the core-EP inverse is the unique matrix \(X\) such that: \N\[\NX \cdot A \cdot X = X \quad \text{and} \quad \mathcal{R}(X) = \mathcal{R}((X)^*) = \mathcal{R}(A^m) \N\]\Nfor some \(m \ge i(A)\).\N\NFor an arbitrary \(n \times n\) matrix \(A\) with complex entries, let \(\operatorname{rk}(A)\) denote the rank. The index \(i(A) \ge 0\) is the smallest integer such that \(\operatorname{rk}(A^{i(A)}) = \operatorname{rk}(A^{i(A)+1})\). \textit{H. Wang} in Theorem 2.1 of [Linear Algebra Appl. 508, 289--300 (2016; Zbl 1346.15003)] gives the following core-EP decomposition:\N\NAny \(A \in \operatorname{Mat}_{n \times n}(\mathbb{C})\) can be uniquely written as \(A = A_1 + A_2\) where:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item \(A_1 \in \operatorname{Mat}_{n \times n}(\mathbb{C})\) with \(i(A_1) \le 1\);\N\item \(A_2\) is nilpotent;\N\item \(A_1^* \cdot A_2 = 0 = A_2 \cdot A_1\).\N\end{itemize}\NHere \(A_1^*\) denotes the conjugate transpose of \(A_1\).\N\NLet \(V\) be an infinite-dimensional vector space over an arbitrary ground field \(k\). An endomorphism \(\phi \in \operatorname{End}_k(V)\) is finite potent if there exists \(n \in \mathbb{N}\) such that \(\dim_k \operatorname{Im}(\phi^n) < \infty\).\N\NA finite potent endomorphism \(\phi\) admits a \(\phi\)-invariant decomposition:\N\[\NV = U_\phi \oplus W_\phi\N\]\Nsuch that:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item \(\phi|_{U_\phi}\) is nilpotent;\N\item \(W_\phi\) is finite-dimensional;\N\item \(\phi|_{W_\phi}: W_\phi \xrightarrow{\sim} W_\phi\) is an isomorphism.\N\end{itemize}\NThe nilpotency index of \(\phi|_{U_\phi}\) is called the index of \(\phi\).\N\NIn Section~3, where bounded finite potent operators are studied in connection with generalized Drazin invertibility, it is shown that every bounded finite potent endomorphism on a Hilbert space is generalized Drazin invertible (Koliha--Drazin invertible). Consequently, the adjoint of a bounded finite potent endomorphism is also generalized Drazin invertible.\N\NIn Section~4, where the core-EP decomposition for bounded finite potent operators is developed, a bounded finite potent endomorphism \(\phi\) on a Hilbert space is considered. The key observation is that \(W_\phi\) is finite-dimensional and hence closed, so that it admits an orthogonal complement,\N\[\NV = W_\phi \oplus [W_\phi]^\perp.\N\]\NThis induces the orthogonal projection \(P_{W_\phi}\), which is fundamental to both the core-EP decomposition and the construction of the core-EP inverse. An example shows that the core-EP decomposition does not coincide with the core-nilpotent decomposition. A characterization of the cases in which these two decompositions differ is provided in terms of the AST-decomposition.\N\NIn Section~5, where the core-EP generalized inverse is analyzed, finite potent endomorphisms on arbitrary vector spaces endowed with an inner product over fields of arbitrary characteristic are investigated.\N\NIn Section~6, where the core-EP order is examined, the analysis is carried out within the framework of bounded finite potent operators.
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- Core-nilpotent decomposition and new generalized inverses of finite potent endomorphisms
- Group inverse of finite potent endomorphisms on arbitrary vector spaces
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