Cremona maps defined by monomials

DOI10.1016/J.JPAA.2011.06.007MaRDI QIDQ659913zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 24 January 2012

Published in Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.2413

Associated graded rings of ideals (Rees ring, form ring), analytic spread and related topics (13A30) Integral closure of commutative rings and ideals (13B22) Rational and birational maps (14E05) Birational automorphisms, Cremona group and generalizations (14E07) Lattice polytopes in convex geometry (including relations with commutative algebra and algebraic geometry) (52B20)

Abstract: Cremona maps defined by monomials of degree 2 are thoroughly analyzed and classified via integer arithmetic and graph combinatorics. In particular, the structure of the inverse map to such a monomial Cremona map is made very explicit as is the degree of its monomial defining coordinates. As a special case, one proves that any monomial Cremona map of degree 2 has inverse of degree 2 if and only if it is an involution up to permutation in the source and in the target. This statement is subsumed in a recent result of L. Pirio and F. Russo, but the proof is entirely different and holds in all characteristics. One unveils a close relationship binding together the normality of a monomial ideal, monomial Cremona maps and Hilbert bases of polyhedral cones. The latter suggests that facets of monomial Cremona theory may be NP-hard.

Review text

Let \(k[x]=k[x_1,\dots,x_n]\) be the polynomial ring over a field \(k\). In the present paper the authors consider subsets \(F=\{M_1,\dots, M_q\}\subset k[x]\) where \(M_1,\dots, M_q\) are unitary monomials of degree \(d\geq 1\), without common factors and such that each indeterminate \(x_i\) appears in some \(M_j\); it corresponds to consider sets of ``exponents \(\{v_1,\dots, v_q\}\) where \(v_j=(v_{1j},\dots, v_{nj})\) for suitable nonnegative integers \(v_{ij}\), that is, \(M_j={x}^{v_j}=x_1^{v_{1j}}\cdots x_n^{v_{nj}}\). The aim of the paper is to study \(F\) in the case where its elements define the locus scheme of a Cremona transformation of \({\mathbb P}^{n-1}\) or, in other words, when \(q=n\) and the rational map \({\mathbb P}^{n-1}\dashrightarrow{\mathbb P}^{n-1}\) defined (up to permuting the \(M_i'\)s) by \(x\mapsto (M_1({x}):\cdots:M_n({ x}))\) is birational; as it is noted in that work the inverse of such a map is also defined by a set of monomials, denoted here by \(F^{-1}\). The first part of the paper (\S 2 and \S 3) is devoted to the case \(d=2\). In this case, to give \(F\) is equivalent to give a subgraph \(G_F\) of the graph whose vertices and edges are, respectively, the indeterminates \(x_1,\dots, x_n\) and the binomials \(x_ix_j\), for all \(i,j\). On one hand, Proposition 3.4 characterizes the fact that the ideal generated by \(F\) is linearly presented in terms of \(G_F\). On the other hand, Theorem 3.5 gives a formula to compute the degree of the map associated to \(F^{-1}\) in terms of the degree related to \(F\) and suitable invariants of \(G_F\). As an application, the last results in \S 3 give a description of monomial (birational) involutions of degree \(2\) in \({\mathbb P}^{n-1}\) which come from sets of unitary monomials. In the second part of the paper it is proven that a set of monomials \(\{M_1,\dots, M_q\}\) as above contains a subset which defines a Cremona transformation if the set of related exponents \(\{v_1,\dots, v_q\}\) generate a \({\mathbb Z}\)-module of rank \(n\) and \(\{(v_1,1),\dots, (v_q,1)\}\) is a Hilbert basis for the polyhedral cone in \({\mathbb R}^{n+1}\) generated by this set (Theorem 4.7 and Corollary 4.8 in the paper).

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