Diffusion of color in the simple exclusion process

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Let \(T_ N\) be the periodic lattice \(\{(1,2,\dots,N)^ d\): model \(N\}\) and \(p(v)\) be a symmetric law on \(\mathbb{Z}^ d\) with finite range. Set \(X_ N=\{-1,0,1\}^{T_ N}\). For \(\eta\in X_ N\), \(\eta(u)=+1\), \(-1\), 0 means respectively that there is a blue, white or no particle at site \(u\). Denote by \(\eta^{u,u+v}\) the configuration obtained from \(\eta\in X_ N\) by exchanging the values of \(\eta\) at \(u\) and \(u+v\). The system studied in the paper is a Markov process with generator \[ {\mathfrak L}_ Nf=N^ 2\sum_{u,v\in T_ N}p(v)I_{[\eta(u)\eta(u+v)=0]}[f(\eta^{u,u+v})-f(\eta)],\quad \eta\in X_ N. \] The author proves that the color density profiles have a hydrodynamic limit, which is a coupled nonlinear diffusion equation. The resulting equation may not be difficult to guess but the proof is not simple at all. There are two problems. First, the system is not of gradient type. Second, the generator is often degenerated. Some new technique (for instance, the estimate of the spectral gap) is adopted to overcome the difficulty.




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