Diophantine approximation and badly approximable sets
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Abstract: Let (X,d) be a metric space and (Omega, d) a compact subspace of X which supports a non-atomic finite measure m. We consider `natural' classes of badly approximable subsets of Omega. Loosely speaking, these consist of points in Omega which `stay clear' of some given set of points in X. The classical set Bad of `badly approximable' numbers in the theory of Diophantine approximation falls within our framework as do the sets Bad(i,j) of simultaneously badly approximable numbers. Under various natural conditions we prove that the badly approximable subsets of Omega have full Hausdorff dimension. Applications of our general framework include those from number theory (classical, complex, p-adic and formal power series) and dynamical systems (iterated function schemes, rational maps and Kleinian groups).
A real number \(x\) is called badly approximable if there is a positive constant \(c(x)\) such that \(| x-p/q| \geq c(x)/q^2\) for every rational \(p/q\). An old result of I. Jarník states that the Hausdorff dimension of badly approximable numbers equals 1. The authors consider a far-reaching generalization, where the points \(x\) belong to a compact subspace \(\Omega\) of a metric space \(X\) containing the support of a non-atomic finite measure, and the rational points \(p/q\) are replaced by a family of subsets of \(X\) called resonant sets. In this general setting the authors prove that under various natural conditions, the badly approximable subsets of \(\Omega\) have full Hausdorff dimension. There are applications from number theory (classical, complex, \(p\)-adic and formal power series) and dynamical systems (iterated function schemes, rational maps and Kleinian groups).
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