Divergence of a real normalizing transformation

Transformation and reduction of ordinary differential equations and systems, normal forms (34C20) Ordinary differential equations in the complex domain (34M99)

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The following system is considered: (1) \(\dot z{}_ j=z_ j(\lambda_ j+f_ j(z_ 1,z_ 2))\), \(j=1,2\), where \(f_ j\) are analytic at zero \(z_ 1=0\), \(z_ 2=0\), \(f_ j(0,0)=0\) and \(\lambda_ 1=-\lambda_ 2\neq 0\). There exists a formal coordinate transformation (2) \(z_ j=w_ j(1+h_ j(w_ 1,w_ 2)), j=1,2\), reducing the system (1) to the normal form (3) \(\dot w_ j=w_ j(\lambda_ j+g_ j(w_ 1w_ 2)), j=1,2\), where \(h_ j\) and \(g_ j\) are formal power series of \(w_ 1,w_ 2\) without free members and \(g_ j\) depends only on the product \(w_ 1w_ 2\). Here only the case Re \(\lambda {}_ 1=Re \lambda_ 2\) is considered. The following theorem is proved: For each analytic normal form (3) satisfying some reality conditions, there exists an analytic system (1), formally equivalent to system (3) and for which any normalizing transformation (2) is divergent.

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