Enumerative geometry for real varieties
Bezout's theoremdeformationflag varietiesfully real enumerative problemsNewton polytopesreal enumerative geometrySchubert-type enumerative problems
Grassmannians, Schubert varieties, flag manifolds (14M15) Enumerative problems (combinatorial problems) in algebraic geometry (14N10) Real algebraic and real-analytic geometry (14P99) Effectivity, complexity and computational aspects of algebraic geometry (14Q20) Computational aspects in algebraic geometry (14Q99)
An intriguing problem in enumerative geometry is to decide how many solutions to a given enumerative problem can be real. A problem is called \textit{fully real} if there are real conditions such that all figures satisfying them are real. An example of a fully real problem is Bezout's theorem. Indeed, given \(X_0\) consisting of \(d\) real lines and \(Y_0\) consisting of \(e\) real lines, such that \(X_0\) and \(Y_0\) meet in exactly \(de\) points. Then we find small deformations of \(X_0\) and \(Y_0\) to real curves \(X\) and \(Y\) that intersect in \(de\) real points. Note that it is important that the \(de\) intersection points of \(X_0\) and \(Y_0\) are distinct, for then the intersections of small deformations are real since two complex conjugate solutions must deform into a real double point. For example if \(X_0 =\{ xy=0\}\) and \(Y_0 =\{x+y=0\}\), then we can deform \(X_0\) to \(X_t =\{xy=t\}\) for \(t\geq 0\), and \(X\) intersects \(Y_0\) in two complex conjugate points for all \(t\neq 0\). In the present note some examples are given of fully real enumerative problems for which multiplicity--free deformations play a central role. Among these are the results of the author showing that Schubert--type enumerative problems involving lines in \(\mathbb{P}^n\) are fully real, and similar problems to which the author has extended these results. Also the proof of \textit{F. Ronga, A. Tognoli} and \textit{T. Vust} that the problem of the \(3264\) conics intersecting \(5\) general conics is fully real. This proof involves degenerate conditions with multiplicities. The author mentions \(4\) problems worth considering: Are there conditions on lattice polytopes \(\Delta_1, \dots \Delta_n\) in \(\mathbb{Z}^n\) which ensure the existence of real polynomials \(f_1, \dots , f_n\) with these polytopes as Newton polytopes, and such that all solutions to \(f_1=\cdots =f_n=0\) are fully real? Are all Schubert type problems on flag varieties fully real, and if not, which ones are fully real? Are all enumerative problems on spherical varieties fully real, and if not, which ones are fully real? Which problems involving rational curves on a subvariety of \(\mathbb{P}^n\) of fixed dimension and degree are fully real? The author has shown that all such problems involving lines only are fully real. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0882.00032].
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- Enumeration of real conics and maximal configurations
- The special Schubert calculus is real
- A real Riemann-Hurwitz theorem
- On the enumerative geometry of real algebraic curves having many real branches
- Closed-form solution of conic in point-line enumerative problem of conic
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