Existence, characterization and stability of Pansu spheres in sub-Riemannian 3-space forms

DOI10.1007/S00526-015-0898-YMaRDI QIDQ889747zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Ana Hurtado, César Rosales

Publication date 9 November 2015

Published in Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.04886

zbMATH Keywords

area functionalcontact sub-Riemannian manifoldisoperimetric problemSasakian sub-Riemannian manifoldWebster curvature

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Sub-Riemannian geometry (53C17) Differential geometry of immersions (minimal, prescribed curvature, tight, etc.) (53C42)

Abstract: Let $M$ be a complete Sasakian sub-Riemannian $3$-manifold of constant Webster scalar curvature $kappa$. For any point $pinM$ and any number $lambdainmathbbR$ with $lambd{a}^2+kappa>0$, we show existence of a $C^2$ spherical surface $mathcal{S}_{l}ambda(p)$ immersed in $M$ with constant mean curvature $lambda$. Our construction recovers in particular the description of Pansu spheres in the first Heisenberg group and the sub-Riemannian $3$-sphere. Then, we study variational properties of $mathcal{S}_{l}ambda(p)$ related to the area functional. First, we obtain uniqueness results for the spheres $mathcal{S}_{l}ambda(p)$ as critical points of the area under a volume constraint, thus providing sub-Riemannian counterparts to the theorems of Hopf and Alexandrov for CMC surfaces in Riemannian $3$-space forms. Second, we derive a second variation formula for admissible deformations possibly moving the singular set, and prove that $mathcal{S}_{l}ambda(p)$ is a second order minimum of the area for those preserving volume. We finally give some applications of our results to the isoperimetric problem in sub-Riemannian $3$-space forms.

Review text

A contact sub-Riemannian manifold is a manifold \(M\) endowed by a contact distribution \(H\) and a metric \(g_h\) on \(H\). \((M, H, g_h)\) is called Sasakian if the flow of the Reeb vector field \(T\) consists of isometries of \((H, g_H)\). The main goal of the paper is to extend \textit{P. Pansu}'s conjecture [in: Differential geometry on homogeneous spaces, Conf. Torino/ItalyRend. Semin. Mat., Torino, Fasc. Spec., 159--174 (1983; Zbl 0634.53034)] concerning the isoperimetric problem in the Heisenberg group, which is a flat sub-Riemannian manifold, to sub-Riemannian space forms \(M(\kappa)\), i.e., to \(3\)-dimensional Sasakian sub-Riemannian manifolds of constant Webster scalar curvature \(\kappa\). The authors prove that in \(M(k)\), for any \(\lambda \geq 0\) such that \(\lambda^2 + \kappa > 0\), the subset \[ S_\lambda(p) = \left\{ \gamma(s); v \in H_p, |v| = 1, 0 \leq s \leq \pi/\sqrt{\lambda^2 + \kappa} \right\} \] where \(\gamma\) is the Cartan-Carathéodory geodesic with \(\gamma(0) = p\) and \(\dot\gamma(0) = v\), is a \(C^2\) sphere immersed in \(M\). Then they study various properties of \(S_\lambda(p)\). In particular, they prove that these submanifolds are second-order minimum points of the area functional under some volume constraint, and apply the obtained results to the isoperimetric problem in sub-Riemannian space forms.

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Cited in

(9)

• An instability criterion for volume-preserving area-stationary surfaces with singular curves in sub-Riemannian 3-space forms
• Strongly stable surfaces in sub-Riemannian 3-space forms
• Free boundary constant p-mean curvature surfaces intersecting the Pansu sphere
• Existence of isoperimetric regions in contact sub-Riemannian manifolds
• Sub-Riemannian Ricci curvatures and universal diameter bounds for 3-Sasakian manifolds
• Sub-Riemannian metrics and isoperimetric problems in the contact case
• Cauchy's surface area formula in the Heisenberg groups
• Area-minimizing properties of Pansu spheres in the sub-Riemannian 3-sphere
• Complete stable CMC surfaces with empty singular set in Sasakian sub-Riemannian 3-manifolds

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