Extensions of tempered representations

Hecke algebras and their representations (20C08) Analysis on (p)-adic Lie groups (22E35) Representations of Lie and linear algebraic groups over local fields (22E50)

Abstract: Let

p i, p i^{'}

be irreducible tempered representations of an affine Hecke algebra H with positive parameters. We compute the higher extension groups

E x t_{H}^{n} (p i, p i^{'})

explicitly in terms of the representations of analytic R-groups corresponding to

p i

and

p i^{'}

. The result has immediate applications to the computation of the Euler-Poincar'e pairing

E P (p i, p i^{'})

, the alternating sum of the dimensions of the Ext-groups. The resulting formula for

E P (p i, p i^{'})

is equal to Arthur's formula for the elliptic pairing of tempered characters in the setting of reductive p-adic groups. Our proof applies equally well to affine Hecke algebras and to reductive groups over non-archimedean local fields of arbitrary characteristic. This sheds new light on the formula of Arthur and gives a new proof of Kazhdan's orthogonality conjecture for the Euler-Poincar'e pairing of admissible characters.

Review text

Let \(\mathfrak a\) be a finite-dimensional real vector space, and let \(\mathfrak a^*\) be its dual. Let \(Y\subset \mathfrak a\) be a lattice and \(Y=\mathrm{Hom}_\mathbb Z(Y,\mathbb Z)\subset\mathfrak a^*\) the dual lattice. Let \(\mathcal R=(X,R_0,Y,R_0^\vee,F_0)\) be a based root datum, thus making \(R_0\) a reduced root system in \(X\), \(R_0^\vee\subset Y\) the dual root system, and \(F_0\) the basis of \(R_0\). We have a bijection \(\alpha\mapsto \alpha^\vee\) from \(R_0\) to \(R_0^\vee\). Let \(W_0=W(R_0)\) denote the Weyl group of \(R_0\). We have the affine Weyl group \(W^{\mathrm{aff}}=\mathbb Z R_0\rtimes W_0\), and the extended affine Weyl group \(W=X\rtimes W_0\). The group \(W^{\mathrm{aff}}\) is a Coxeter group, \(F_0\) gives rise to a set \(S^{\mathrm{aff}}\) of simple affine reflections, and the length function \(\ell\) of the Coxeter group \((W^{\mathrm{aff}},S^{\mathrm{aff}})\) extends naturally to \(W\). Let \(T\) be the complex algebraic torus defined as \(T:=\operatorname{Hom}_\mathbb Z(X,\mathbb C^\times)\simeq Y\otimes_\mathbb Z\mathbb C^\times\), let \[ \mathfrak a^+:=\left\{\mu\in\mathfrak a\,:\,\langle\alpha,\mu\rangle\geq 0\;\forall \alpha\in F_0\right\},\quad \mathfrak a^-:=\left\{\sum_{\alpha\in F_0} \lambda_\alpha\alpha^\vee\,:\, \lambda_\alpha\leq 0\right\}, \] and \(T^\pm:=\exp(\mathfrak a^\pm)\). The interior \(\mathfrak a^{--}\) of \(\mathfrak a^-\) equals \( \left\{\sum_{\alpha\in F_0} \lambda_\alpha\alpha^\vee\,:\, \lambda_\alpha<0\right\}\), if \(F_0\) spans \(\mathfrak a^*\), and is empty otherwise. Set \(T^{--}:=\exp(\mathfrak a^{--})\). The torus \(T\) admits a polar decomposition \[ T=T_{{\mathrm{rs}}}\times T_{\mathrm{uni}}=\operatorname{Hom}_\mathbb Z(X,\mathbb R_{>0})\times\operatorname{Hom}_\mathbb Z(X,S^1) \] into a real split part and a unitary part. Let \(q\) be a positive parameter function for \(\mathcal R\), that is, a function \(q\colon W\to \mathcal R_{>0}\), which has value \(1\) on elements of length zero, and satisfies \[ q(wv)=q(w)q(v)\quad\text{if \(\ell(wv)=\ell(v)+\ell(w)\).} \] Let \(\mathcal H=\mathcal H(\mathcal R,q)\) denote the corresponding affine Hecke algebra, that is, the unique associative complex algebra with basis \(\{N_w\,:\,w\in W\}\) and multiplication rules \[ N_w N_v=N_{wv} \quad\text{if \(\ell(wv)=\ell(v)+\ell(w)\),} \] \[ (N_s-q(s)^{1/2})(N_s+q(s)^{-1/2})=0 \quad\text{if \(s\in S^{\mathrm{aff}}\).} \] Write \[ X^+=\left\{x\in X\,:\,\langle x,\alpha^\vee\rangle\geq 0\;\forall \alpha\in F_0\right\}, \] and, for \(x\in X^+\), put \(\theta_x:=N_{t_x}\), where \(t_x\) denotes the translation corresponding to \(x\). Let \(\mathcal A\) denote the subalgebra of \(\mathcal H\) spanned by the \(\theta_x\) for \(x\in X\). One has \(\mathcal A\simeq \mathcal O(T)\). Let \(t=|t|\cdot(t|t|^{-1})\in T_{\mathrm{rs}}\times T_{\mathrm{uni}}\) be the polar decomposition of \(t\in T\). An \(\mathcal H\)-representation is called tempered (resp., discrete series) if \(|t|\in T^-\) (resp., \(|t|\in T^{--}\)) for all its \(\mathcal A\)-weights \(t\). Let \(P\subset F_0\). Define \(X_P=X/(X\cap(P^\vee)^\perp)\), \(R_P=\mathbb Q P\cap R_0\), \(Y_P=Y\cap \mathbb Q P^\vee\), \(R_P^\vee=\mathbb Q P^\vee \cap R_0^\vee\), \(\mathcal R_P=(X_P,R_P,Y_P,R_P^\vee,P)\), and \(\mathcal R^P=(X,R_P,Y,R_P^\vee,P)\). The parameter function \(q\) induces parameter functions \(q_P\) and \(q^P\) on \(W(R_P)\) and \(W(R^ P)\), respectively. Let \(\mathcal H_P=\mathcal H(\mathcal R_P,q_P)\) and \(\mathcal H^P=\mathcal H(\mathcal R^ P,q^P)\) denote the corresponding affine Hecke algebras. There is a natural surjective quotient map \[ \mathcal H^P\to\mathcal H_P\,:\, \theta_x N_w\mapsto \theta_{x_P} N_w,\tag{\(*\)} \] where \(x_P\) denotes the image of \(x\in X\) in \(X_P\). Let \(t\in T^P=\operatorname{Hom}_\mathbb Z(X^P,\mathbb C^\times)\), where \(X^P=X/(X\cap \mathbb Q P)\). One can define an algebra automorphism \(\phi_t\) of \(\mathcal H^P\) by \[ \phi_t(\theta_x N_w):=t(x)\theta_x N_w. \] Consider a triple \(\xi=(P,\delta,t)\), where \(P\subset F_0\), \(\delta\) is a discrete series representation of \(\mathcal H_P\), and \(t\in T^P\). One can consider \(\delta\) as a representation of \(\mathcal H^P\) via the map \((*)\), and construct the \(\mathcal H\)-representation \[ \pi(\xi):=\operatorname{Ind}_{\mathcal H^P}^{\mathcal H}(\delta\circ\phi_t). \] Let \(\Xi\) denote the space of such induction data \(\xi\), where one considers \(\delta\) only modulo equivalence of \(\mathcal H_P\)-representations. One says that \(\xi\) is unitary if \(t\in T^P_{\mathrm{uni}}\) and denotes by \(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}}\) the space of unitary induction data. If \(\xi\) is unitary, then the representation \(\pi(\xi)\) is unitary. Delorme and Opdam have proved that the category of tempered \(\mathcal H\)-representations of finite length decomposes into ``blocks that are parametrized by the set \(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}}/\mathcal W\) of orbits of tempered induction data \(\xi\in\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}}\) for \(\mathcal H\) under the action of the Weyl groupoid \(\mathcal W\) for \(\mathcal H\). The base space of \(\mathcal W\) is the power set of \(F_0\) and the collection of arrows from \(P\) to \(Q\) is \[ \mathcal W_{PQ}:=\left\{w\in W_0\,:\,w(P)=Q\right\}\,\times\,(T_P\cap T^P), \] where \(T_P=\operatorname{Hom}_\mathbb Z(X_P,\mathbb C^\times)\). The block of tempered \(\mathcal H\)-representations associated with \(\mathcal W\xi\) is generated by \(\pi(\xi)\). The space \(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}}\) is a finite disjoint union of compact tori of various dimensions. It follows that, with the action of \(\mathcal W\), one obtains a smooth orbifold \(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}}\rtimes\mathcal W\). The isotropy group \(\mathcal W_\xi\subset\mathcal W\) of \(\xi\) admits a canonical decomposition \(\mathcal W_\xi=W(R_\xi)\rtimes\mathfrak R_\xi\), where \(W(R_\xi)\) is a real reflection group associated to an integral root system \(R_\xi\) in the tangent space \(T_\xi(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}})\) at \(\xi\), and where \(\mathfrak R_\xi\) is a group of diagram automorphisms with respect to a suitable choice of a basis of \(R_\xi\). The group \(\mathfrak R_\xi\) is called the \textit{analytic \(R\)-group} at \(\xi\). The affine Hecke version, due to Delorme and Opdam, of the Knapp-Stein linear independence theorem states that the commutant of \(\pi(\xi)(\mathcal H)\) in \(\operatorname{End}_\mathbb C(\pi(\xi))\) is isomorphic to the twisted group algebra \(\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi,\kappa_\xi]\) of \(\mathfrak R_\xi\), where \(\kappa_\xi\) is a certain \(2\)-cocycle. This sets up a bijection \[ \operatorname{Irr}(\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi,\kappa_\xi])\to\operatorname{Irr}_{\mathcal W\xi}(\mathcal H),\;\; (\rho,V)\mapsto \pi(\xi,\rho)\tag{\(**\)} \] between the set of irreducible representations of \(\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi,\kappa_\xi]\) and the set of irreducible \(\mathcal H\)-representations in the block defined by \(\mathcal W\xi\). Since \(W(R_\xi)\) is a real reflection group, the quotient, in the category of complex affine varieties, \((T_\xi(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}})\otimes_\mathbb R\mathbb C)/W(R_\xi)\) is the complexification of a real vector space \(E_\xi\) which carries a representation of \(\mathfrak R_\xi\); the latter is independent of the choice of \(\xi\) in its \(\mathcal W\xi\) orbit, up to equivalence. Let \(\mathfrak R_\xi^*\) be the Schur algebra of \(\mathfrak R_\xi\), and let \(p_\xi\in\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi^*]\) be the central idempotent corresponding to the two-sided ideal \(\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi,\kappa_\xi^{-1}]\) in \(\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi^*]\). The first main result of the article is a generalization to the Schwartz algebra \(\mathcal S\) (which is defined as being a certain completion of \(\mathcal H\)) of the above version of the Knapp-Stein theorem. It establishes an equivalence between the category of \(\mathcal S\)-representations with generalized central character \(\mathcal W\xi\) and the module category of the complex algebra \[ \mathcal A_\xi:=p_\xi\left(\widehat{S(E_\xi)}\rtimes \mathfrak R_\xi^*\right)\simeq \left(\widehat{S(E_\xi)}\otimes\mathrm{End}_\mathbb C(p_\xi\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi^*])\right)^{\mathfrak R_\xi^*}. \] Here \(\mathcal S(E_\xi)\) denotes the algebra of complex valued polynomial functions on \(E_\xi^*\) and \(\widehat{S(E_\xi)}\) is its formal completion at \(0\in E_\xi^*\). The group \(\mathfrak R_\xi^*\) acts on this space through its natural quotient \(\mathfrak R_\xi\). Consider the \(\mathcal A_\xi\)-module \[ D:=\left(\widehat{S(E_\xi)}\otimes\operatorname{Hom}(\pi(\xi),p_\xi\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi^*])\right)^{\mathfrak R_\xi^*}. \] Let \(\operatorname{Mod}_{\mathrm{bor}}(\mathcal A_\xi)\) (resp., \(\operatorname{Mod}_{\mathrm{bor}}^{\mathcal W\xi,{\mathrm{tor}}}(\mathcal S)\)) denote the category of bornological \(\mathcal A_\xi\)-modules (resp., bornological \(\mathcal S\)-modules that are annihilated by all \(\mathcal W\)-invariant smooth functions on \(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}}\) that are flat in \(\xi\)). The authors prove (see Theorem~5.1) that there is an equivalence of exact categories \[ \operatorname{Mod}_{\mathrm{bor}}^{\mathcal W\xi,{\mathrm{tor}}}(\mathcal S)\to \operatorname{Mod}_{\mathrm{bor}}(\mathcal A_\xi),\;\;M\mapsto D\widehat{\otimes}_\mathcal S M, \] and similarly for corresponding categories of Fréchet modules. One of the main goals of the article is to compute the Ext-groups in the category of \(\mathcal H\)-representations, or equivalently in the category \(\operatorname{Mod}_{\mathrm{bor}}(\mathcal S)\) of bornological \(\mathcal S\)-modules. To go from the latter to \(\operatorname{Mod}_{\mathrm{bor}}^{\mathcal W\xi,{\mathrm{tor}}}(\mathcal S)\) boils down to applying the formal completion functor at a central character. The authors show (see Section~2) that this completion functor is exact and preserves \(\operatorname{Ext}\)-groups in suitable modules categories. By combining this result with both Theorem~5.1 and an explicit Koszul resolution for \(\mathcal A_\xi\), they compute the \(\operatorname{Ext}\)-groups for irreducible tempered \(\mathcal H\)-representations (see Theorem~5.2): let \((\rho,V),(\rho',V')\in\operatorname{Irr}(\mathbb C[\mathfrak R_\xi,\kappa_\xi])\), and let \(n\geq 0\), then \[ \operatorname{Ext}_\mathcal H^n\left(\pi(\xi,\rho),\pi(\xi,\rho')\right)\simeq \left(\operatorname{Hom}_\mathbb C(V',V)\otimes_\mathbb R\Lambda^n E_\xi^*\right)^{\mathfrak R_\xi}, \] where \(\pi(\xi,\rho)\) and \(\pi(\xi,\rho')\) are the images by the bijection \((**)\) of \((\rho,V)\) and \((\rho',V')\), respectively. Since \(\mathcal S\)-modules with different central characters have always trivial extensions, the formula above is the essential case for the determination of extensions between finite-dimensional \(\mathcal S\)-modules. The proof also applies in the context of tempered representations of reductive \(p\)-adic groups, and analogous results to Theorems~5.1 and~5.2 hold in this context (see Section~7). As a consequence of Theorem~5.2, the authors obtain the following formula (see Theorem~6.5) for the Euler-Poincaré pairing between irreducible tempered \(\mathcal H\)-representations: \[ \operatorname{EP}_\mathcal H\left(\pi(\xi,\rho),\pi(\xi,\rho')\right)=|\mathfrak R_\xi|^{-1}\sum_{r\in\mathfrak R_\xi}|d(r)|\, \mathrm{tr}_\rho(r)\overline{\mathrm{tr}_{\rho'}(r)},\tag{\(***\)} \] where \(d(r)=\det_{T_\xi(\Xi_{\mathrm{uni}})}(1-r)\), as well as the analog of \((***)\) in the context of tempered representations of reductive \(p\)-adic groups. In the case of Iwahori-spherical representations of split groups, this result was previously obtained by Reeder using a different method. On the other hand, in the case of local non-Archimedean fields of characteristic zero, it can alternatively be derived by combining Arthur's formula for the elliptic pairing of tempered characters with Kazhdan's orthogonality conjecture for the Euler-Poincaré pairing of admissible characters of the group, which was proved independently by Schneider and Stuhler, and by Bezrukavnikov. It is shown in the article that the argument can also be reversed in order to get a new proof of Kazhdan's orthogonality conjecture (see Theorem~7.3).

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