Fragile cycles

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Abstract: We study diffeomorphisms f with heterodimensional cycles, that is, heteroclinic cycles associated to saddles p and q with different indices. Such a cycle is called fragile if there is no diffeomorphism close to f with a robust cycle associated to hyperbolic sets containing the continuations of p and q. We construct a codimension one submanifold of Difr(SS2imesSS1), rge1, that consists of diffeomorphisms with fragile heterodimensional cycles. Our construction holds for any manifold of dimension ge4.


We first quote several definitions from the manuscript. Consider the set of diffeomorphisms \(f\) of a given manifold. A hyperbolic basic set \(K\) of a diffeomorphism \(f\) has a (uniquely defined) continuation \(K_g\) for all \(g\) close to \(f\): \(K_g\) is a hyperbolic basic set, close to \(K\), and the dynamics of \(f|_{K}\) and \(g|_{K_g}\) are conjugate. The \(s\)-index of a hyperbolic transitive set is the dimension of its stable bundle. The diffeomorphism \(f\) is said to have a ``heterodimensional cycle associated to hyperbolic basic sets \(K\) and \(L\) if these sets have different \(s\)-indices and their stable and unstable manifolds meet cyclically: \[ W^s(K,f) \cap W^u(L,f) \, \neq \, \emptyset \qquad \text{and} \qquad W^u(K,f) \cap W^s(L,f) \, \neq \, \emptyset. \] The cycle associated to \(K\) and \(L\) is ``\(C^1\)-robust if there is a \(C^1\)-neighborhood \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(f\) such that for all \(g \in \mathcal{U}\), the hyperbolic continuations \(K_g\) and \(L_g\) of \(K\) and \(L\) have a heterodimensional cycle. A heterodimensional cycle associated to a pair of saddles \(p\) and \(q\) of \(f\) can be ``\(C^1\)-stabilized if every \(C^1\)-neighborhood \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(f\) contains a diffeomorphism \(g\) with hyperbolic basic sets \(K_g \ni p_g\) and \(L_g \ni q_g\) having a robust heterodimensional cycle. Here \(p_g\) and \(q_g\) are the continuations of \(p\) and \(q\) for \(g\). A heterodimensional cycle associated to a pair of saddles is ``\(C^1\)-fragile if it cannot be \(C^1\)-stabilized. The main result of the authors establishes the existence of a codimension one submanifold of \(\text{Diff}^1(\mathbb{S}^2 \times \mathbb{S}^1)\) formed by \(C^1\)-fragile heterodimensional cycles. As a corollary, it is shown that any manifold \(M\) with \(\dim M>3\) supports diffeomorphisms with \(C^1\)-fragile cycles. This result is related with the main result of the same authors in [J. Inst. Math. Jussieu 7, No. 3, 469--525 (2008; Zbl 1156.37004)] but here with the advantage that the saddles in the initial cycle are continuated for every diffeomorphism in a neighborhood of the initial one.











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